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Review
. 2021 Mar 9;11(3):213.
doi: 10.3390/life11030213.

Exogenous Factors Affecting the Functional Integrity of Male Reproduction

Filip Tirpák  1 , Hana Greifová  2 , Norbert Lukáč  2 , Robert Stawarz  3 , Peter Massányi  2   3
Affiliations
Review

Exogenous Factors Affecting the Functional Integrity of Male Reproduction

Filip Tirpák et al. Life (Basel). .

Abstract

Natural processes along with increased industrial production and the irresponsible behavior of mankind have resulted in environmental pollution. Environmental pollutants can be categorized based on their characteristics and appearance into the following groups: physical, biological, and chemical. Every single one of them represents a serious threat to the male reproductive tract despite the different modes of action. Male gonads and gametes are especially vulnerable to the effect of exogenous factors; therefore, they are considered a reliable indicator of environmental pollution. The impact of xenobiotics or radiation leads to an irreversible impairment of fertility displayed by histological changes, modulated androgen production, or compromised spermatozoa (or germ cells) quality. The present article reviews the exogenous threats, male reproductive system, the mode of action, and overall impact on the reproductive health of humans and animals.

Keywords: endocrine disruptors; heavy metals; mode of action; mycotoxins; oxidative stress; radiation; risk factors; seminal plasma; spermatozoa; testes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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