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Review
. 2021 Apr;105(7):2615-2624.
doi: 10.1007/s00253-021-11197-y. Epub 2021 Mar 12.

Application of Nanobiotechnology for Early Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Roghayeh Sheervalilou  1 , Milad Shirvaliloo  2 , Saman Sargazi  3 , Sakine Shirvalilou  4 , Omolbanin Shahraki  1 , Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi  5 , Alireza Sarhadi  1 , Ziba Nazarlou  6 , Habib Ghaznavi  7 , Samideh Khoei  8
Affiliations
Review

Application of Nanobiotechnology for Early Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Roghayeh Sheervalilou et al. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021 Apr.

Abstract

A most discussed topic of the new decade, COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the recently discovered SARS-CoV-2. With an exceedingly high transmission rate, COVID-19 has affected almost all the countries in the world. Absent any vaccine or specific treatment, the humanity is left with nothing but the legacy method of quarantine. However, quarantine can only be effective when combined with early diagnosis of suspected cases. With their high sensitivity and unmatched specificity, biosensors have become an area of interest for development of novel diagnostic methods. Compared to the more traditional diagnostics, nanobiotechnology introduces biosensors as different diagnostics with greater versatility in application. Today, a growing number of analytes are being accurately identified by these nanoscopic sensing machines. Several reports of validated application with real samples further strengthen this idea. As of recent, there has been a rise in the number of studies on portable biosensors. Despite the slow progression, certain devices with embedded biosensors have managed to be of diagnostic value in several countries. The perceptible increase in development of mobile platforms has revolutionized the healthcare delivery system in the new millennium. The present article reviews the most recent advancements in development of diagnostic nanobiosensors and their application in the clinical fields. KEY POINTS: • There is no specific treatment for highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2. • Early diagnosis is critical for control of pandemic. • Highly sensitive/specific nanobiosensors are emerging assets against COVID-19.

Keywords: 2019-nCoV; Biosensor; COVID-19; Early diagnosis; Nanobiotechnology; Pandemic; SARS-CoV-2.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The COVID-19 diagnosis by biosensors. (Abbreviations: SARS-CoV-2, severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 detection. (Abbreviations: SARS-CoV-2, severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; FET, field-effect transistor; Gr, graphene; S pro, spike protein; CSAb, SARS-COV spike S1 subunit protein antibody; ACE2R, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor; PBASE, 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester; RT-LAMP-NBS, reverse transcription loop–mediated isothermal amplification coupled with nanoparticle-based biosensor assay; TL 1, test line 1; TL 2, test line 2; CL, control line; FITC, fluorescein; Dig, digoxigenin; Biotin-BSA, biotinylated bovine serum albumin; Dig-biotin-np-LAMP amp, Dig-biotin–labeled np-LAMP amplicons; FITC-biotin-F1ab-LAMP amp, FITC-biotin–labeled F1ab-LAMP amplicons; SA-DPNs, dye streptavidin (Crimson Red)–coated polymer nanoparticles; NC membrane, nitrocellulose membrane; pSi, nanoporous silicon; Si, silicon; Ag, Silver; Cu, copper; Au, gold; PET-PE, polyethylene terephthalate-polyethylene; T. sensor, temperature sensor; E. heater, electrical heater; TriSilix, silicon-based integrated point-of-need tri-modal nucleic acid transducer; PPT, plasmonic photothermal; NA, nucleic acid; AuNIs, two-dimensional gold nanoislands)
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