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Case Reports
. 2021 Jan 28;34(1):e100283.
doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100283. eCollection 2021.

Case of early-onset Alzheimer's disease with atypical manifestation

Lin Zhu  1 , Limin Sun  2 , Lin Sun  3   4 , Shifu Xiao  3   4
Affiliations
Case Reports

Case of early-onset Alzheimer's disease with atypical manifestation

Lin Zhu et al. Gen Psychiatr. .

Abstract

Short-term memory decline is the typical clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, early-onset AD usually has atypical symptoms and may get misdiagnosed. In the present case study, we reported a patient who experienced symptoms of memory loss with progressive non-fluent aphasia accompanied by gradual social withdrawal. He did not meet the diagnostic criteria of AD based on the clinical manifestation and brain MRI. However, his cerebrospinal fluid examination showed a decreased level of beta-amyloid 42, and increased total tau and phosphorylated tau. Massive amyloid β-protein deposition by 11C-Pittsburgh positron emission tomography confirmed the diagnosis of frontal variant AD. This case indicated that early-onset AD may have progressive non-fluent aphasia as the core manifestation. The combination of individual and precision diagnosis would be beneficial for similar cases.

Keywords: cognition disorders; diagnosis; dual (psychiatry).

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Brain imaging and cognitive score of the patient. (A) The patient’s MRI in May 2015 revealed mild atrophy of the bilateral frontal lobe (at the age of 59). (B) The patient’s FDG-PET in May 2015 revealed that glucose metabolism in the bilateral frontal and parietal lobe was reduced, and the left side was significant (at the age of 59). (C) The patient’s MRI in July 2017 (2 years after the first scan), revealed more atrophy of the bilateral frontal lobe and temporal lobe atrophy occurred (at the age of 61). (D) The patient’s FDG-PET in August 2017 revealed that the cerebral cortical glucose metabolism was reduced more, bilateral frontal and parietal lobes obvious in particular (at the age of 61). (E) The patient’s third MRI in May 2019 (2 years after the second scan) revealed atrophy of the whole cerebral cortex with bilateral frontal lobes, temporal lobe and hippocampus more affected (at the age of 63). (F) The patient’s 11C-PIB PET in May 2019 revealed saliently amyloid deposition in diffuse cortical areas, particularly in the bilateral frontal, parietal, temporal cortices and posterior cingulated gyrus (at the age of 63). (G) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) of the patient. MMSE in May 2015 revealed a total score was 18/30 (at the age of 59). MMSE in May and December 2019 revealed a total score were 3/30 and 2/30; the results showed severe impairments in language and other cognitive areas (at the age of 63). 11C-PIB PET, 11C-Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography; FDG-PET, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography.
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