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. 2020 Oct-Dec;12(4):34-46.
doi: 10.32607/actanaturae.11041.

Modification of Nuclear Compartments and the 3D Genome in the Course of a Viral Infection

S V Razin  1 , A A Gavrilov  1 , O V Iarovaia  1
Affiliations

Modification of Nuclear Compartments and the 3D Genome in the Course of a Viral Infection

S V Razin et al. Acta Naturae. 2020 Oct-Dec.

Abstract

The review addresses the question of how the structural and functional compartmentalization of the cell nucleus and the 3D organization of the cellular genome are modified during the infection of cells with various viruses. Particular attention is paid to the role of the introduced changes in the implementation of the viral strategy to evade the antiviral defense systems and provide conditions for viral replication. The discussion focuses on viruses replicating in the cell nucleus. Cytoplasmic viruses are mentioned in cases when a significant reorganization of the nuclear compartments or the 3D genome structure occurs during an infection with these viruses.

Keywords: nuclear compartmentalization; spatial organization of the eukaryotic genome; virus infection.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Scheme of movement of cellular and viral proteins/nucleic acids between nuclear compartments during infection. Blue circles indicate nuclear compartments: the nucleolus, transcription factories (TFs), speckles (Sp), promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies, DNA damage repair (DDR) foci, and viral replication centers (VRCs). Within the nucleus there are viral/cellular proteins and nucleic acids that move during the infectious process. Directions of movement are marked with black arrows. The rectangles with rounded corners contain information on the effects on cellular and viral metabolism associated with the movement of proteins/nucleic acids to/from the corresponding compartment during the infections process
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Virus-induced reorganization of the 3D genome. (A) Induction (top) or destruction (bottom) of the promoter-enhancer contacts triggered by the viral proteins belonging to the EBNA family with the concomitant activation or repression of the host gene. (B) Involvement of the pre-existing genome architecture in the activation of a gene located at a considerable distance from the site of retroviral integration into the genome. (C) Formation of a new activator unit via the recruitment of the enchanter and promoter to the site of retroviral integration followed by activation of the host gene transcription. (D) Disruption of the promoter-enhancer communication as a result of the introduction of the CTCF-binding site and formation of an alternative loop. P – promoter; E – enhancer
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