Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses
- PMID: 33371275
- PMCID: PMC7766447
- DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040783
Harnessing Cellular Immunity for Vaccination against Respiratory Viruses
Abstract
Severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cause significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. These viruses have been identified as important causative agents of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Additionally, these illnesses can have long-lasting impact on patient health well beyond resolution of the viral infection. Aside from influenza, there are currently no licensed vaccines against these viruses. However, several research groups have tested various vaccine candidates, including those that utilize attenuated virus, virus-like particles (VLPs), protein subunits, and nanoparticles, as well as recent RNA vaccines, with several of these approaches showing promise. Historically, vaccine candidates have advanced, dependent upon the ability to activate the humoral immune response, specifically leading to strong B cell responses and neutralizing antibody production. More recently, it has been recognized that the cellular immune response is also critical in proper resolution of viral infection and protection against detrimental immunopathology associated with severe disease and therefore, must also be considered when analyzing the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates. These candidates would ideally result in robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses as well as high-affinity neutralizing antibody. This review will aim to summarize established and new approaches that are being examined to harness the cellular immune response during respiratory viral vaccination.
Keywords: RNA; RSV; SARS-CoV-2; cellular immunity; nanoparticles; respiratory viruses; vaccine; virus-like particles.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
Figures
Similar articles
-
Lung CD8+ T Cell Impairment Occurs during Human Metapneumovirus Infection despite Virus-Like Particle Induction of Functional CD8+ T Cells.J Virol. 2015 Sep;89(17):8713-26. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00670-15. Epub 2015 Jun 10. J Virol. 2015. PMID: 26063431 Free PMC article.
-
Human metapneumovirus virus-like particles induce protective B and T cell responses in a mouse model.J Virol. 2014 Jun;88(11):6368-79. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00332-14. Epub 2014 Mar 26. J Virol. 2014. PMID: 24672031 Free PMC article.
-
Respiratory Virus Surveillance Among Children with Acute Respiratory Illnesses - New Vaccine Surveillance Network, United States, 2016-2021.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Oct 7;71(40):1253-1259. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7140a1. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022. PMID: 36201373 Free PMC article.
-
The CD8 T Cell Response to Respiratory Virus Infections.Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 9;9:678. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00678. eCollection 2018. Front Immunol. 2018. PMID: 29686673 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus.Avian Pathol. 2003 Dec;32(6):567-82. doi: 10.1080/03079450310001621198. Avian Pathol. 2003. PMID: 14676007 Free PMC article. Review.
Cited by
-
Efficacy of budesonide/formoterol inhalation powder in treating viral pneumonia in children.World J Clin Cases. 2024 Jul 26;12(21):4469-4475. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i21.4469. World J Clin Cases. 2024. PMID: 39070822 Free PMC article.
-
Ally, adversary, or arbitrator? The context-dependent role of eosinophils in vaccination for respiratory viruses and subsequent breakthrough infections.J Leukoc Biol. 2024 Jul 25;116(2):224-243. doi: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae010. J Leukoc Biol. 2024. PMID: 38289826 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Flagellin-Fused Protein Targeting M2e and HA2 Induces Innate and T-Cell Responses in Mice of Different Genetic Lines.Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Dec 8;10(12):2098. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10122098. Vaccines (Basel). 2022. PMID: 36560509 Free PMC article.
-
A Review of Different Vaccines and Strategies to Combat COVID-19.Vaccines (Basel). 2022 May 9;10(5):737. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10050737. Vaccines (Basel). 2022. PMID: 35632493 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Will Host Genetics Affect the Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines? Historical Precedents.Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Mar 11;9:802312. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.802312. eCollection 2022. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022. PMID: 35360730 Free PMC article. Review.
References
-
- Troeger C., Forouzanfar M., Rao P.C., Khalil I., Brown A., Swartz S., Fullman N., Mosser J., Thompson R.L., Reiner R.C., et al. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in 195 countries: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2017;17:1133–1161. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30396-1. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Nair H., Simões E.A., Rudan I., Gessner B.D., Azziz-Baumgartner E., Zhang J.S.F., Feikin D.R., Mackenzie G.A., Moiïsi J.C., Roca A., et al. Global and regional burden of hospital admissions for severe acute lower respiratory infections in young children in 2010: A systematic analysis. Lancet. 2013;381:1380–1390. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61901-1. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Publication types
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Research Materials
Miscellaneous