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Review
. 2020 Dec 7;12(12):3670.
doi: 10.3390/cancers12123670.

Current and New Biomarkers for Early Detection, Prognostic Stratification, and Management of Gallbladder Cancer Patients

Patricia García  1 , Angela Lamarca  2 , Javier Díaz  3 , Enrique Carrera  4 , Juan Carlos Roa  1 , On Behalf Of The European-Latin American Escalon Consortium
Affiliations
Review

Current and New Biomarkers for Early Detection, Prognostic Stratification, and Management of Gallbladder Cancer Patients

Patricia García et al. Cancers (Basel). .

Abstract

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive disease that shows evident geographic variation and is characterized by a poor prognosis, mainly due to the late diagnosis and ineffective treatment. Genetic variants associated with GBC susceptibility, including polymorphisms within the toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4, the cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCG8 genes, represent promising biomarkers for the stratification of patients at higher risk of GBC; thus, showing potential to prioritize cholecystectomy, particularly considering that early diagnosis is difficult due to the absence of specific signs and symptoms. Similarly, our better understanding of the gallbladder carcinogenic processes has led to identify several cellular and molecular events that may influence patient management, including HER2 aberrations, high tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, among others. Despite these reports on interesting and promising markers for risk assessment, diagnosis, and prognosis; there is an unmet need for reliable and validated biomarkers that can improve the management of GBC patients and support clinical decision-making. This review article examines the most potentially significant biomarkers of susceptibility, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection for GBC patients, highlighting the need to find and validate existing and new molecular biomarkers to improve patient outcomes.

Keywords: biomarkers; diagnosis; gallbladder cancer; genetic susceptibility; patient stratification; prognosis; treatment selection.

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Conflict of interest statement

Angela Lamarca received travel and educational support from Ipsen, Pfizer, Bayer, AAA, Sirtex, Novartis, Mylan and Delcath; speaker honoraria from Merck, Pfizer, Ipsen, Incyte and AAA; advisory honoraria from EISAI, Nutricia Roche and QED; she is also a member of the Knowledge Network and NETConnect Initiatives funded by Ipsen. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Biomarkers throughout the natural history of gallbladder cancer. Schematic representation of the most significant biomarkers according to the histogenic sequence of gallbladder cancer.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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