The genetics of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5 in Germany, 2006-2020

doi:10.1111/tbed.13843

Review

. 2021 May;68(3):1136-1150.

doi: 10.1111/tbed.13843. Epub 2020 Sep 29.

The genetics of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5 in Germany, 2006-2020

Jacqueline King¹, Timm Harder¹, Franz J Conraths², Martin Beer¹, Anne Pohlmann¹

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.
² Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.

PMID: 32964686
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13843

Review

The genetics of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5 in Germany, 2006-2020

Jacqueline King et al. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021 May.

. 2021 May;68(3):1136-1150.

doi: 10.1111/tbed.13843. Epub 2020 Sep 29.

Authors

Jacqueline King¹, Timm Harder¹, Franz J Conraths², Martin Beer¹, Anne Pohlmann¹

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.
² Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.

PMID: 32964686
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13843

Abstract

The H5 A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (gs/GD) lineage emerged in China in 1996. Rooted in the respective gs/GD lineage, the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) has genetically diversified into a plethora of clades and subclades and evolved into an assortment of sub- and genotypes. Some caused substantial losses in the poultry industry and had a major impact on wild bird populations alongside public health implications due to a zoonotic potential of certain clades. After the primary introduction of the HPAI H5N1 gs/GD lineage into Europe in autumn 2005 and winter 2005/2006, Germany has seen recurring incursions of four varying H5Nx subtypes (H5N1, H5N8, H5N5, H5N6) carrying multiple distinct reassortants, all descendants of the gs/GD virus. The first HPAIV H5 epidemic in Germany during 2006/2007 was caused by a clade 2.2 subtype H5N1 virus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed three distinct clusters belonging to clades 2.2.1, 2.2.2 and 2.2, concurring with geographic and temporal structures. From 2014 onwards, HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4 has dominated the epidemiological situation in Germany. The initial clade 2.3.4.4a HPAIV H5N8, reaching Germany in November 2014, caused a limited epidemic affecting five poultry holdings, one zoo in Northern Germany and few wild birds. After November 2016, HPAIV of clade 2.3.4.4b have dominated the situation to date. The most extensive HPAIV H5 epidemic on record reached Germany in winter 2016/2017, encompassing multiple incursion events with two subtypes (H5N8, H5N5) and entailing five reassortants. A novel H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4b strain affected Germany from December 2017 onwards, instigating low-level infection in smallholdings and wild birds. Recently, in spring 2020, a novel incursion of a genetically distinct HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 virus caused another epidemic in Europe, which affected a small number of poultry holdings, one zoo and two wild birds throughout Germany.

Keywords: Clade 2.2; Clade 2.3.4.4; HPAIV; highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses; reassortment; subtype H5.

PubMed Disclaimer

Cited by

Novel Genotypes of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Viruses, Germany, November 2023.
Ahrens AK, Pohlmann A, Grund C, Harder T, Beer M. Ahrens AK, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024 Aug;30(8):1737-1739. doi: 10.3201/eid3008.240103. Epub 2024 Jul 10. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024. PMID: 38986148 Free PMC article.
Spatiotemporal genotype replacement of H5N8 avian influenza viruses contributed to H5N1 emergence in 2021/2022 panzootic.
Zeng J, Du F, Xiao L, Sun H, Lu L, Lei W, Zheng J, Wang L, Shu S, Li Y, Zhang Q, Tang K, Sun Q, Zhang C, Long H, Qiu Z, Zhai K, Li Z, Zhang G, Sun Y, Wang D, Zhang Z, Lycett SJ, Gao GF, Shu Y, Liu J, Du X, Pu J. Zeng J, et al. J Virol. 2024 Mar 19;98(3):e0140123. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01401-23. Epub 2024 Feb 15. J Virol. 2024. PMID: 38358287 Free PMC article.
Neurotropic Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Red Foxes, Northern Germany.
Baechlein C, Kleinschmidt S, Hartmann D, Kammeyer P, Wöhlke A, Warmann T, Herms L, Kühl B, Beineke A, Wohlsein P, Harder T, Runge M. Baechlein C, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023 Dec;29(12):2509-2512. doi: 10.3201/eid2912.230938. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023. PMID: 37987587 Free PMC article.
The neuropathogenesis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in mammalian species including humans.
Bauer L, Benavides FFW, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, de Wit E, van Riel D. Bauer L, et al. Trends Neurosci. 2023 Nov;46(11):953-970. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.002. Epub 2023 Sep 6. Trends Neurosci. 2023. PMID: 37684136 Free PMC article. Review.
Continuous surveillance of potentially zoonotic avian pathogens detects contemporaneous occurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV H5) and flaviviruses (USUV, WNV) in several wild and captive birds.
Günther A, Pohlmann A, Globig A, Ziegler U, Calvelage S, Keller M, Fischer D, Staubach C, Groschup MH, Harder T, Beer M. Günther A, et al. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023 Dec;12(2):2231561. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2231561. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023. PMID: 37381816 Free PMC article.

See all "Cited by" articles

References

REFERENCES

1. Abdelwhab, E.-S., Veits, J., Breithaupt, A., Gohrbandt, S., Ziller, M., Teifke, J. P., Stech, J., & Mettenleiter, T. C. (2016). Prevalence of the C-terminal truncations of NS1 in avian influenza A viruses and effect on virulence and replication of a highly pathogenic H7N1 virus in chickens. Virulence, 7(5), 546-557. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2016.1159367
1. Abolnik, C., Pieterse, R., Peyrot, B. M., Choma, P., Phiri, T. P., Ebersohn, K., Heerden, C. J. V., Vorster, A. A., Zel, G. V. D., Geertsma, P. J., Laleye, A. T., Govindasamy, K., & Rauff, D. L. (2019). The incursion and spread of highly pathogenic Avian influenza H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 within South Africa. Avian Diseases, 63, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1637/11869-042518-Reg.1
1. Adlhoch, C., Fusaro, A., Kuiken, T., Niqueux, E., Staubach, C., Terregino, C., Baldinelli, F. (2020). Avian influenza overview November 2019-February 2020. EFSA Journal, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6096
1. Adlhoch, C., Gossner, C., Koch, G., Brown, I., Bouwstra, R., Verdonck, F., Penttinen, P., & Harder, T. (2014). Comparing introduction to Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses A(H5N8) in 2014 and A(H5N1) in 2005. Eurosurveillance Weekly, 19(50). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.50.20996
1. Alarcon, P., Brouwer, A., Venkatesh, D., Duncan, D., Dovas, C. I., Georgiades, G., Monne, I., Fusaro, A., Dan, A., Śmietanka, K., Ragias, V., Breed, A. C., Chassalevris, T., Goujgoulova, G., Hjulsager, C. K., Ryan, E., Sánchez, A., Niqueux, E., Tammiranta, N., … Brown, I. H. (2018). Comparison of 2016-17 and previous epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 Guangdong lineage in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(12), 2270-2283. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2412.171860

Publication types

Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Substances

Actions

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
- Ovid Technologies, Inc.
- Wiley
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

[1] Abdelwhab, E.-S., Veits, J., Breithaupt, A., Gohrbandt, S., Ziller, M., Teifke, J. P., Stech, J., & Mettenleiter, T. C. (2016). Prevalence of the C-terminal truncations of NS1 in avian influenza A viruses and effect on virulence and replication of a highly pathogenic H7N1 virus in chickens. Virulence, 7(5), 546-557. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2016.1159367

[2] Abdelwhab, E.-S., Veits, J., Breithaupt, A., Gohrbandt, S., Ziller, M., Teifke, J. P., Stech, J., & Mettenleiter, T. C. (2016). Prevalence of the C-terminal truncations of NS1 in avian influenza A viruses and effect on virulence and replication of a highly pathogenic H7N1 virus in chickens. Virulence, 7(5), 546-557. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2016.1159367

[3] Abolnik, C., Pieterse, R., Peyrot, B. M., Choma, P., Phiri, T. P., Ebersohn, K., Heerden, C. J. V., Vorster, A. A., Zel, G. V. D., Geertsma, P. J., Laleye, A. T., Govindasamy, K., & Rauff, D. L. (2019). The incursion and spread of highly pathogenic Avian influenza H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 within South Africa. Avian Diseases, 63, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1637/11869-042518-Reg.1

[4] Abolnik, C., Pieterse, R., Peyrot, B. M., Choma, P., Phiri, T. P., Ebersohn, K., Heerden, C. J. V., Vorster, A. A., Zel, G. V. D., Geertsma, P. J., Laleye, A. T., Govindasamy, K., & Rauff, D. L. (2019). The incursion and spread of highly pathogenic Avian influenza H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 within South Africa. Avian Diseases, 63, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1637/11869-042518-Reg.1

[5] Adlhoch, C., Fusaro, A., Kuiken, T., Niqueux, E., Staubach, C., Terregino, C., Baldinelli, F. (2020). Avian influenza overview November 2019-February 2020. EFSA Journal, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6096

[6] Adlhoch, C., Fusaro, A., Kuiken, T., Niqueux, E., Staubach, C., Terregino, C., Baldinelli, F. (2020). Avian influenza overview November 2019-February 2020. EFSA Journal, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6096

[7] Adlhoch, C., Gossner, C., Koch, G., Brown, I., Bouwstra, R., Verdonck, F., Penttinen, P., & Harder, T. (2014). Comparing introduction to Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses A(H5N8) in 2014 and A(H5N1) in 2005. Eurosurveillance Weekly, 19(50). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.50.20996

[8] Adlhoch, C., Gossner, C., Koch, G., Brown, I., Bouwstra, R., Verdonck, F., Penttinen, P., & Harder, T. (2014). Comparing introduction to Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses A(H5N8) in 2014 and A(H5N1) in 2005. Eurosurveillance Weekly, 19(50). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.50.20996

[9] Alarcon, P., Brouwer, A., Venkatesh, D., Duncan, D., Dovas, C. I., Georgiades, G., Monne, I., Fusaro, A., Dan, A., Śmietanka, K., Ragias, V., Breed, A. C., Chassalevris, T., Goujgoulova, G., Hjulsager, C. K., Ryan, E., Sánchez, A., Niqueux, E., Tammiranta, N., … Brown, I. H. (2018). Comparison of 2016-17 and previous epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 Guangdong lineage in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(12), 2270-2283. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2412.171860

[10] Alarcon, P., Brouwer, A., Venkatesh, D., Duncan, D., Dovas, C. I., Georgiades, G., Monne, I., Fusaro, A., Dan, A., Śmietanka, K., Ragias, V., Breed, A. C., Chassalevris, T., Goujgoulova, G., Hjulsager, C. K., Ryan, E., Sánchez, A., Niqueux, E., Tammiranta, N., … Brown, I. H. (2018). Comparison of 2016-17 and previous epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 Guangdong lineage in Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(12), 2270-2283. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2412.171860

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

The genetics of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5 in Germany, 2006-2020

Affiliations

The genetics of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5 in Germany, 2006-2020

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Similar articles

Cited by

References

REFERENCES

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Abstract

Similar articles

Cited by

References

REFERENCES

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Related information

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical