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. 2020 Aug 21;21(17):6032.
doi: 10.3390/ijms21176032.

Phenolic Metabolites from Barley in Contribution to Phenome in soil Moisture Deficit

Anna Piasecka  1   2 , Aneta Sawikowska  3 , Anetta Kuczyńska  1 , Piotr Ogrodowicz  1 , Krzysztof Mikołajczak  1 , Paweł Krajewski  1 , Piotr Kachlicki  1
Affiliations

Phenolic Metabolites from Barley in Contribution to Phenome in soil Moisture Deficit

Anna Piasecka et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Eight barley varieties from Europe and Asia were subjected to moisture deficit at various development stages. At the seedling stage and the flag leaf stage combined stress was applied. The experiment was designed for visualization of the correlation between the dynamics of changes in phenolic compound profiles and the external phenome. The most significant increase of compound content in water deficiency was observed for chrysoeriol and apigenin glycoconjugates acylated with methoxylated hydroxycinnamic acids that enhanced the UV-protection effectiveness. Moreover, other good antioxidants such as derivatives of luteolin and hordatines were also induced by moisture deficit. The structural diversity of metabolites of the contents changed in response to water deficiency in barley indicates their multipath activities under stress. Plants exposed to moisture deficit at the seedling stage mobilized twice as many metabolites as plants exposed to this stress at the flag leaf stage. Specific metabolites such as methoxyhydroxycinnamic acids participated in the long-term acclimation. In addition, differences in phenolome mobilization in response to moisture deficit applied at the vegetative and generative phases were correlated with the phenotypical consequences. Observations of plant yield and biomass gave us the possibility to discuss the developmentally related consequences of moisture deficit for plants' fitness.

Keywords: barley; drought; mass spectrometry phenotyping; metabolomics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effects of water deficiency for metabolites that reacted in a similar way in all varieties and at all time points, under treatments I, II and I+II.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Time profiles of effects of water deficiency (averaged over varieties) for metabolites characterized by effects significantly modified by time (treatment duration (TD) effects); clusters of metabolites with different profiles: A—black, B—red, C—green, D—blue.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Variety-specific water deficiency effects observed on day 10 of treatment I, II and I+II, for identified metabolites with the effects significantly modified by variety and time under at least one treatment.
Figure 4
Figure 4
MS2 spectra in negative ionization of compounds (a) no. 117, quercetin O-rhamnoside-O-arabinosylglucoside; (b) no. 133, hydroxyferuloyl-isovitexin 2”-O-glucoside; (c) no. 152, isoitexin malonylated. (Agly-aglycon, glc-glucoside, rhamn-rhamnoside, hfer-hydroxyferulic acid).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Mass spectra in negative ionization of compound 147, isovitexin 2”-O-glucoside disinapate (a) and putative fragmentation scheme (b) (Agly-flavone aglycon, glc-glucoside, sin-sinapic acid).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Mean effects of treatment I, II and I+II for phenotypic traits for which no variety-specific effects were observed (expressed in % of mean value under control conditions); for 1000-grain weight the effects were not significant.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Effects of water deficiency under treatments I, II, I+II for phenotypic traits for which significant differences among varieties were observed in at least one treatment (p < 0.01).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Biplots constructed for phenotypic traits with variety-specific water deficiency effects under treatments I, II, I+II.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Preprocessing data from 62 chromatograms recorded at 330 nm for Maresi for all treatments and replications: (a) normalization by sample mass, (b) differentiation, (c) correlation optimized warping (COW), (d) peak detection. The last plot shows the width of peaks and their value after integration for individual chromatograms.
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