Treatment of MOG antibody associated disorders: results of an international survey

doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10026-y

. 2020 Dec;267(12):3565-3577.

doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10026-y. Epub 2020 Jul 4.

Treatment of MOG antibody associated disorders: results of an international survey

D H Whittam¹, V Karthikeayan², E Gibbons², R Kneen³, S Chandratre⁴, O Ciccarelli⁵, Y Hacohen^{5

6}, J de Seze⁷, K Deiva⁸, R Q Hintzen⁹, B Wildemann¹⁰, S Jarius¹⁰, I Kleiter^{11

12}, K Rostasy¹³, P Huppke¹⁴, B Hemmer^{15

16}, F Paul¹⁷, O Aktas¹⁸, A K Pröbstel^{19

20}, G Arrambide²¹, M Tintore²¹, M P Amato^{22

23}, M Nosadini²⁴, M M Mancardi²⁵, M Capobianco²⁶, Z Illes²⁷, A Siva²⁸, A Altintas²⁹, G Akman-Demir³⁰, L Pandit³¹, M Apiwattankul³², J Y Hor³³, S Viswanathan³⁴, W Qiu³⁵, H J Kim³⁶, I Nakashima³⁷, K Fujihara^{38

39}, S Ramanathan^{40

41}, R C Dale^{40

41}, M Boggild⁴², S Broadley⁴³, M A Lana-Peixoto⁴⁴, D K Sato⁴⁵, S Tenembaum⁴⁶, P Cabre⁴⁷, D M Wingerchuk⁴⁸, B G Weinshenker⁴⁹, B Greenberg⁵⁰, M Matiello⁵¹, E C Klawiter⁵¹, J L Bennett⁵², A I Wallach⁵³, I Kister⁵³, B L Banwell⁵⁴, A Traboulsee⁵⁵, D Pohl⁵⁶, J Palace⁴, M I Leite⁴, M Levy⁵¹, R Marignier⁵⁷, T Solomon^{2

58}, M Lim^{59

60}, S Huda², A Jacob^{2

61}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK. daniel.whittam@nhs.net.
² Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
³ Department of Paediatric Neurology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
⁴ Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
⁵ Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
⁶ Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
⁷ Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center, CHU de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepiere, Strasbourg, France.
⁸ Department of Paediatric Neurology, CHU Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
⁹ Department of Neurology, MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
¹⁰ Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹¹ Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
¹² Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
¹³ Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdrecke University, Datteln, Germany.
¹⁴ Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
¹⁵ Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹⁶ Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
¹⁷ NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁸ Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
¹⁹ Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
²⁰ Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Department of Medicine and Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
²¹ Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
²² Department NEUROFARBA, Neurosciences Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
²³ IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy.
²⁴ Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.
²⁵ Department of Medical and Surgical Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.
²⁶ Department of Neurology and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy.
²⁷ Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
²⁸ Department of Neurology, Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
²⁹ Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.
³⁰ Department of Neurology, Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
³¹ Department of Neurology, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
³² Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology, Prasat Neurological Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand.
³³ Department of Neurology, Penang General Hospital, Penang, Malaysia.
³⁴ Department of Neurology, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Ministry of Health of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
³⁵ Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
³⁶ Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.
³⁷ Department of Neurology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
³⁸ Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine and Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan.
³⁹ MS and NMO Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience (STRINS), Koriyama, Japan.
⁴⁰ Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁴¹ Neuroimmunology Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital At Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁴² Department of Neurology, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
⁴³ School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia.
⁴⁴ CIEM MS Research Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais Medical School, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
⁴⁵ Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (InsCer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁴⁶ Department of Neurology, National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁷ Department of Neurology, Pierre Zobda Quitman Hospital, Fort-de-France, France.
⁴⁸ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
⁵¹ Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵² Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁵³ Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
⁵⁵ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁵⁶ Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
⁵⁷ Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
⁵⁸ National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
⁵⁹ Children's Neuroscience, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁶⁰ Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
⁶¹ Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

PMID: 32623595
PMCID: PMC7954658
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10026-y

Treatment of MOG antibody associated disorders: results of an international survey

D H Whittam et al. J Neurol. 2020 Dec.

. 2020 Dec;267(12):3565-3577.

doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10026-y. Epub 2020 Jul 4.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK. daniel.whittam@nhs.net.
² Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
³ Department of Paediatric Neurology, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
⁴ Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
⁵ Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
⁶ Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
⁷ Department of Neurology and Clinical Investigation Center, CHU de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepiere, Strasbourg, France.
⁸ Department of Paediatric Neurology, CHU Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
⁹ Department of Neurology, MS Centre ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
¹⁰ Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
¹¹ Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
¹² Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.
¹³ Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdrecke University, Datteln, Germany.
¹⁴ Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
¹⁵ Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹⁶ Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
¹⁷ NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹⁸ Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
¹⁹ Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
²⁰ Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Department of Medicine and Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
²¹ Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
²² Department NEUROFARBA, Neurosciences Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
²³ IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy.
²⁴ Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.
²⁵ Department of Medical and Surgical Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.
²⁶ Department of Neurology and Regional Multiple Sclerosis Centre, University Hospital San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, Italy.
²⁷ Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
²⁸ Department of Neurology, Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
²⁹ Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.
³⁰ Department of Neurology, Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
³¹ Department of Neurology, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
³² Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology, Prasat Neurological Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand.
³³ Department of Neurology, Penang General Hospital, Penang, Malaysia.
³⁴ Department of Neurology, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Ministry of Health of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
³⁵ Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
³⁶ Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.
³⁷ Department of Neurology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
³⁸ Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine and Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan.
³⁹ MS and NMO Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience (STRINS), Koriyama, Japan.
⁴⁰ Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁴¹ Neuroimmunology Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Children's Hospital At Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁴² Department of Neurology, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
⁴³ School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia.
⁴⁴ CIEM MS Research Center, Federal University of Minas Gerais Medical School, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
⁴⁵ Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (InsCer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
⁴⁶ Department of Neurology, National Pediatric Hospital Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁷ Department of Neurology, Pierre Zobda Quitman Hospital, Fort-de-France, France.
⁴⁸ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
⁵¹ Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵² Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁵³ Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
⁵⁵ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁵⁶ Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
⁵⁷ Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
⁵⁸ National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
⁵⁹ Children's Neuroscience, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
⁶⁰ Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
⁶¹ Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

PMID: 32623595
PMCID: PMC7954658
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10026-y

Abstract

Introduction: While monophasic and relapsing forms of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated disorders (MOGAD) are increasingly diagnosed world-wide, consensus on management is yet to be developed.

Objective: To survey the current global clinical practice of clinicians treating MOGAD.

Method: Neurologists worldwide with expertise in treating MOGAD participated in an online survey (February-April 2019).

Results: Fifty-two responses were received (response rate 60.5%) from 86 invited experts, comprising adult (78.8%, 41/52) and paediatric (21.2%, 11/52) neurologists in 22 countries. All treat acute attacks with high dose corticosteroids. If recovery is incomplete, 71.2% (37/52) proceed next to plasma exchange (PE). 45.5% (5/11) of paediatric neurologists use IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) in preference to PE. Following an acute attack, 55.8% (29/52) of respondents typically continue corticosteroids for ≥ 3 months; though less commonly when treating children. After an index event, 60% (31/51) usually start steroid-sparing maintenance therapy (MT); after ≥ 2 attacks 92.3% (48/52) would start MT. Repeat MOG antibody status is used by 52.9% (27/51) to help decide on MT initiation. Commonly used first line MTs in adults are azathioprine (30.8%, 16/52), mycophenolate mofetil (25.0%, 13/52) and rituximab (17.3%, 9/52). In children, IVIg is the preferred first line MT (54.5%; 6/11). Treatment response is monitored by MRI (53.8%; 28/52), optical coherence tomography (23.1%; 12/52) and MOG antibody titres (36.5%; 19/52). Regardless of monitoring results, 25.0% (13/52) would not stop MT.

Conclusion: Current treatment of MOGAD is highly variable, indicating a need for consensus-based treatment guidelines, while awaiting definitive clinical trials.

Keywords: MOG; MOGAD; Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; Survey.

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Figures

**Fig. 1**
Neurologists’ preferences for escalation of acute attack therapies in MOGAD. Mean preference scores were calculated as follows: 6 points were given if ranked 1st, 5 points if ranked 2nd, and so on, with 0 points if not ranked at all. The total number of points for each therapy was then divided by the total number of respondents (52). Higher scores therefore indicate earlier use by more respondents. PE plasma exchange or immunoadsorption, *HDCS* high dose corticosteroids, *IVIg* intravenous immunoglobulin, *RTX* rituximab, *CYC* cyclophosphamide

**Fig. 2**
How frequently do neurologists’ treat a first attack of MOGAD with oral corticosteroid therapy for greater than 3 months?

**Fig. 3**
How frequently do neurologists start steroid-sparing maintenance therapy after an onset attack of MOGAD?

**Fig. 4**
How frequently do neurologists start steroid-sparing maintenance therapy after two or more attacks of MOGAD?

**Fig. 5**
Popularity of individual steroid-sparing maintenance therapies as first-, second- and third-line treatments for a 38-year-old male with relapsing MOGAD. PE plasma exchange or immunoadsorption, *IVIg* intravenous immunoglobulin

**Fig. 6**
Popularity of individual steroid-sparing maintenance therapies as first-, second- and third-line treatments for a 6-year-old female with relapsing MOGAD. *IVIg* intravenous immunoglobulin

**Fig. 7**
Neurologists’ preferences for individual steroid-sparing maintenance therapies to treat a 16-year-old female with relapsing MOGAD. Respondents were asked to rank eight different maintenance therapies in order of preference. No rank was given if the respondent would not consider using that therapy. Rankings were then converted to mean scores. PE plasma exchange or immunoadsorption, *IVIg* intravenous immunoglobulin

**Fig. 8**
Neurologists’ perceptions of the effectiveness of individual maintenance therapies at preventing relapses of MOGAD. Respondents were asked to rank ten different maintenance therapies in order of their perceived efficacy. No rank was given if the respondent had no experience of using that therapy in MOGAD. Rankings were then converted to mean scores. The percentage of respondents with experience of using each therapy is given in parentheses. PE plasma exchange or immunoadsorption, *IVIg* intravenous immunoglobulin; *Prednisolone dose up to 0.5 mg/kg/day

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References

1. O’Connor KC, McLaughlin KA, De Jager PL et al. (2007) Self-antigen tetramers discriminate between myelin autoantibodies to native or denatured protein. Nat Med 13(2):211–217. 10.1038/nm1488 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Waters P, Woodhall M, O’Connor KC et al. (2015) MOG cell-based assay detects non-MS patients with inflammatory neurologic disease. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2(3):e89. 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000089 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Kitley J, Woodhall M, Waters P et al. (2012) Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. Neurology 79(12):1273–1277. 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826aac4e - DOI - PubMed
1. Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I et al. (2016) MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome. J Neuroinflamm 13(1):280. 10.1186/s12974-016-0718-0 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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[1] O’Connor KC, McLaughlin KA, De Jager PL et al. (2007) Self-antigen tetramers discriminate between myelin autoantibodies to native or denatured protein. Nat Med 13(2):211–217. 10.1038/nm1488 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] O’Connor KC, McLaughlin KA, De Jager PL et al. (2007) Self-antigen tetramers discriminate between myelin autoantibodies to native or denatured protein. Nat Med 13(2):211–217. 10.1038/nm1488 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Waters P, Woodhall M, O’Connor KC et al. (2015) MOG cell-based assay detects non-MS patients with inflammatory neurologic disease. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2(3):e89. 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000089 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Waters P, Woodhall M, O’Connor KC et al. (2015) MOG cell-based assay detects non-MS patients with inflammatory neurologic disease. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2(3):e89. 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000089 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Kitley J, Woodhall M, Waters P et al. (2012) Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. Neurology 79(12):1273–1277. 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826aac4e - DOI - PubMed

[6] Kitley J, Woodhall M, Waters P et al. (2012) Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. Neurology 79(12):1273–1277. 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826aac4e - DOI - PubMed

[7] Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I et al. (2016) MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome. J Neuroinflamm 13(1):280. 10.1186/s12974-016-0718-0 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I et al. (2016) MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome. J Neuroinflamm 13(1):280. 10.1186/s12974-016-0718-0 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Kitley J, Waters P, Woodhall M et al. (2014) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a comparative study. JAMA Neurol 71(3):276–283. 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5857 - DOI - PubMed

[10] Kitley J, Waters P, Woodhall M et al. (2014) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with aquaporin-4 and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies: a comparative study. JAMA Neurol 71(3):276–283. 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5857 - DOI - PubMed

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Treatment of MOG antibody associated disorders: results of an international survey

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Treatment of MOG antibody associated disorders: results of an international survey

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