SARS-CoV-2 Inflammatory Syndrome. Clinical Features and Rationale for Immunological Treatment

doi:10.3390/ijms21093377

Review

. 2020 May 10;21(9):3377.

doi: 10.3390/ijms21093377.

SARS-CoV-2 Inflammatory Syndrome. Clinical Features and Rationale for Immunological Treatment

Marcella Prete¹, Elvira Favoino¹, Giacomo Catacchio¹, Vito Racanelli², Federico Perosa¹

Affiliations

¹ Systemic Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy.
² Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy.

PMID: 32397684
PMCID: PMC7247005
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093377

Review

SARS-CoV-2 Inflammatory Syndrome. Clinical Features and Rationale for Immunological Treatment

Marcella Prete et al. Int J Mol Sci. 2020.

. 2020 May 10;21(9):3377.

doi: 10.3390/ijms21093377.

Authors

Marcella Prete¹, Elvira Favoino¹, Giacomo Catacchio¹, Vito Racanelli², Federico Perosa¹

Affiliations

¹ Systemic Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy.
² Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy.

PMID: 32397684
PMCID: PMC7247005
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093377

Abstract

The current pandemic coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is a global health emergency because of its highly contagious nature, the great number of patients requiring intensive care therapy, and the high fatality rate. In the absence of specific antiviral drugs, passive prophylaxis, or a vaccine, the treatment aim in these patients is to prevent the potent virus-induced inflammatory stimuli from leading to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which has a severe prognosis. Here, the mechanism of action and the rationale for employing immunological strategies, which range from traditional chemically synthesized drugs, anti-cytokine antibodies, human immunoglobulin for intravenous use, to vaccines, are reviewed.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; acute respiratory syndrome; anti-cytokine antibodies; human immunoglobulin for intravenous use; immune system targeting in COVID-19; inflammation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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[1] Gorbalenya A.E., Baker S.C., Baric R.S., de Groot R.J., Drosten C., Gulyaeva A.A., Haagmans B.L., Lauber C., Leontovich A.M., Neuman B.W., et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus—The species and its viruses—A statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. bioRxiv. 2020;5:536–544.

[2] Gorbalenya A.E., Baker S.C., Baric R.S., de Groot R.J., Drosten C., Gulyaeva A.A., Haagmans B.L., Lauber C., Leontovich A.M., Neuman B.W., et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus—The species and its viruses—A statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. bioRxiv. 2020;5:536–544.

[3] Jiang S., Shi Z., Shu Y., Song J., Gao G.F., Tan W., Guo D. A distinct name is needed for the new coronavirus. Lancet. 2020;395:949. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30419-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Jiang S., Shi Z., Shu Y., Song J., Gao G.F., Tan W., Guo D. A distinct name is needed for the new coronavirus. Lancet. 2020;395:949. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30419-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] De Groot R.J., Baker S.C., Baric R., Enjuanes L., Gorbalenya A.E., Holmes K.V., Perlman S., Poon L., Rottier P.J.M., Talbot P.J., et al. Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, Ltd.; London, UK: 2011. Family Coronaviridae; pp. 806–828.

[6] De Groot R.J., Baker S.C., Baric R., Enjuanes L., Gorbalenya A.E., Holmes K.V., Perlman S., Poon L., Rottier P.J.M., Talbot P.J., et al. Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, Ltd.; London, UK: 2011. Family Coronaviridae; pp. 806–828.

[7] Cui J., Li F., Shi Z.L. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2019;17:181–192. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Cui J., Li F., Shi Z.L. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2019;17:181–192. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Corman V.M., Ithete N.L., Richards L.R., Schoeman M.C., Preiser W., Drosten C., Drexler J.F. Rooting the phylogenetic tree of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by characterization of a conspecific virus from an African bat. J. Virol. 2014;88:11297–11303. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01498-14. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] Corman V.M., Ithete N.L., Richards L.R., Schoeman M.C., Preiser W., Drosten C., Drexler J.F. Rooting the phylogenetic tree of middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by characterization of a conspecific virus from an African bat. J. Virol. 2014;88:11297–11303. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01498-14. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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SARS-CoV-2 Inflammatory Syndrome. Clinical Features and Rationale for Immunological Treatment

Affiliations

SARS-CoV-2 Inflammatory Syndrome. Clinical Features and Rationale for Immunological Treatment

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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