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. 2020 May 8;10(5):898.
doi: 10.3390/nano10050898.

Ferulic Acid-NLC with Lavandula Essential Oil: A Possible Strategy for Wound-Healing?

Claudia Carbone  1 , Carla Caddeo  2 , Maria Aurora Grimaudo  3 , Daniela Erminia Manno  4 , Antonio Serra  4 , Teresa Musumeci  1
Affiliations

Ferulic Acid-NLC with Lavandula Essential Oil: A Possible Strategy for Wound-Healing?

Claudia Carbone et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

Nowadays, an increasing interest in combinatorial drug delivery systems is emerging, highlighting the possibility of exploiting essential oils (EO) for topical applications. This work aimed at developing nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the combined delivery of ferulic acid and Lavandula EO, whose beneficial effects in wound-healing processes have been widely reported. Homogeneous (polydispersity index, PDI < 0.2) nanoparticles with a small size (<150 nm) and a high encapsulation efficiency (>85%) were obtained. The co-presence of ferulic acid and Lavandula EO, as compared to synthetic isopropyl myristate-based NLC, increased nanoparticles' stability, due to higher ordering chains, as confirmed by morphological and physicochemical studies. An enhanced cytocompatibility was observed when combining ferulic acid and Lavandula EO, as confirmed by in vitro studies on fibroblasts. Furthermore, the combined delivery of ferulic acid and Lavandula EO significantly promoted cell migration with higher effectiveness in respect to the free drug solution and the carrier without the EO. Taken all together, our results suggest a potential combined effect of the antioxidant ferulic acid and Lavandula EO co-delivered in lipid nanoparticles in promoting cell proliferation and migration, representing a promising strategy in the treatment of wounds.

Keywords: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); Lavandula x intermedia “Sumian”; combined delivery; complementary and alternative medicine; cryo-TEM; cytocompatibility; migration test.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Backscattering profiles (ΔBS) of NLCa and NLCb stored in Turbiscan® for 60 days at 25.0 ± 1.0 °C. Data are presented as a function of time (0–60 days) of sample height (0 to 20 mm) (the direction of analysis time is indicated by the arrow).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of NLCa (a) and NLCb (b). The histograms show the size distribution of the lipid nanoparticles in NLCa (c) and NLCb (d); continuous curves represent the Gaussian fit of experimental data and the parameters <d> (mean diameter) and σ (standard deviation) are also reported.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Raman spectra of unloaded and FA-loaded NLCa and NLCb.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Raman spectra of unloaded and FA-loaded NLCa and NLCb.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Percentage of ferulic acid (FA) released at different time intervals up to 48 h, from NLC prepared using IPM (FA-NLCa) or Lavandula EO (FA-NLCb) as oily phase. Each value is the mean of six independent experiments. * Significance for p < 0.05.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Murine fibroblasts viability after contact for 24 h with unloaded and FA-loaded NLC at different concentrations. Results are reported as the mean value ± SD of three separate experiments, each performed in triplicate. * Significance for p < 0.05, comparison between FA-loaded NLC and the respective unloaded NLC.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Photographs of the gaps among fibroblast cells at 0, 24, and 48 h after incubation with free FA, FA-loaded NLCa, and FA-loaded NLCb at 37 °C in 5% CO2 and 95% relative humidity.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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