Fatty Acyl Synthetases and Thioesterases in Plant Lipid Metabolism: Diverse Functions and Biotechnological Applications

doi:10.1002/lipd.12226

Review

. 2020 Sep;55(5):435-455.

doi: 10.1002/lipd.12226. Epub 2020 Feb 19.

Fatty Acyl Synthetases and Thioesterases in Plant Lipid Metabolism: Diverse Functions and Biotechnological Applications

Rebecca S Kalinger¹, Ian P Pulsifer¹, Shelley R Hepworth¹, Owen Rowland¹

Affiliations

PMID: 32074392
DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12226

Review

Fatty Acyl Synthetases and Thioesterases in Plant Lipid Metabolism: Diverse Functions and Biotechnological Applications

Rebecca S Kalinger et al. Lipids. 2020 Sep.

. 2020 Sep;55(5):435-455.

doi: 10.1002/lipd.12226. Epub 2020 Feb 19.

Authors

Rebecca S Kalinger¹, Ian P Pulsifer¹, Shelley R Hepworth¹, Owen Rowland¹

Affiliation

¹ Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.

PMID: 32074392
DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12226

Abstract

Plants use fatty acids to synthesize acyl lipids for many different cellular, physiological, and defensive roles. These roles include the synthesis of essential membrane, storage, or surface lipids, as well as the production of various fatty acid-derived metabolites used for signaling or defense. Fatty acids are activated for metabolic processing via a thioester linkage to either coenzyme A or acyl carrier protein. Acyl synthetases metabolically activate fatty acids to their thioester forms, and acyl thioesterases deactivate fatty acyl thioesters to free fatty acids by hydrolysis. These two enzyme classes therefore play critical roles in lipid metabolism. This review highlights the surprisingly complex and varying roles of fatty acyl synthetases in plant lipid metabolism, including roles in the intracellular trafficking of fatty acids. This review also surveys the many specialized fatty acyl thioesterases characterized to date in plants, which produce a great diversity of fatty acid products in a tissue-specific manner. While some acyl thioesterases produce fatty acids that clearly play roles in plant-insect or plant-microbial interactions, most plant acyl thioesterases have yet to be fully characterized both in terms of their substrate specificities and their functions. The biotechnological applications of plant acyl thioesterases and synthetases are also discussed, as there is significant interest in these enzymes as catalysts for the sustainable production of fatty acids and their derivatives for industrial uses.

Keywords: Acyl synthetase; Acyl thioesterase; Fatty acids; Lipid metabolism; Plant lipids.

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References

1. Andrews, J., & Keegstra, K. (1983) Acyl-CoA synthetase is located in the outer membrane and acyl-CoA thioesterase in the inner membrane of pea chloroplast envelopes. Plant Physiology, 72:735-740. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.72.3.735
1. Antonious, G. F., Dahlman, D. L., & Hawkins, L. M. (2003) Insecticidal and acaricidal performance of methyl ketones in wild tomato leaves. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71:400-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0178-y
1. Aznar-Moreno, J. A., Calerón, M. V., Martínez-Force, E., Garcés, R., Mullen, R., Gidda, S. K., & Salas, J. J. (2014) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetases expressed a high levels in developing seeds. Physiologia Plantarum, 150:363-373. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12107
1. Aznar-Moreno, J. A., Venegas-Calerón, M., Martínez-Force, E., Garcés, R., & Salas, J. J. (2016) Acyl carrier proteins from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds and their influence on FatA and FatB acyl-ACP thioesterase activities. Planta, 244:479-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-016-2521-7
1. Bansal, S., Kim, H. J., Na, G., Hamilton, M. E., Cahoon, E. B., Lu, C., & Durrett, T. P. (2018) Towards the synthetic design of camelina oil enriched in tailored acetyl-triacylglycerols with medium-chain fatty acids. Journal of Experimental Botany, 69:4395-4402. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery225

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[1] Andrews, J., & Keegstra, K. (1983) Acyl-CoA synthetase is located in the outer membrane and acyl-CoA thioesterase in the inner membrane of pea chloroplast envelopes. Plant Physiology, 72:735-740. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.72.3.735

[2] Andrews, J., & Keegstra, K. (1983) Acyl-CoA synthetase is located in the outer membrane and acyl-CoA thioesterase in the inner membrane of pea chloroplast envelopes. Plant Physiology, 72:735-740. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.72.3.735

[3] Antonious, G. F., Dahlman, D. L., & Hawkins, L. M. (2003) Insecticidal and acaricidal performance of methyl ketones in wild tomato leaves. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71:400-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0178-y

[4] Antonious, G. F., Dahlman, D. L., & Hawkins, L. M. (2003) Insecticidal and acaricidal performance of methyl ketones in wild tomato leaves. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 71:400-407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0178-y

[5] Aznar-Moreno, J. A., Calerón, M. V., Martínez-Force, E., Garcés, R., Mullen, R., Gidda, S. K., & Salas, J. J. (2014) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetases expressed a high levels in developing seeds. Physiologia Plantarum, 150:363-373. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12107

[6] Aznar-Moreno, J. A., Calerón, M. V., Martínez-Force, E., Garcés, R., Mullen, R., Gidda, S. K., & Salas, J. J. (2014) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetases expressed a high levels in developing seeds. Physiologia Plantarum, 150:363-373. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12107

[7] Aznar-Moreno, J. A., Venegas-Calerón, M., Martínez-Force, E., Garcés, R., & Salas, J. J. (2016) Acyl carrier proteins from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds and their influence on FatA and FatB acyl-ACP thioesterase activities. Planta, 244:479-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-016-2521-7

[8] Aznar-Moreno, J. A., Venegas-Calerón, M., Martínez-Force, E., Garcés, R., & Salas, J. J. (2016) Acyl carrier proteins from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds and their influence on FatA and FatB acyl-ACP thioesterase activities. Planta, 244:479-490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-016-2521-7

[9] Bansal, S., Kim, H. J., Na, G., Hamilton, M. E., Cahoon, E. B., Lu, C., & Durrett, T. P. (2018) Towards the synthetic design of camelina oil enriched in tailored acetyl-triacylglycerols with medium-chain fatty acids. Journal of Experimental Botany, 69:4395-4402. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery225

[10] Bansal, S., Kim, H. J., Na, G., Hamilton, M. E., Cahoon, E. B., Lu, C., & Durrett, T. P. (2018) Towards the synthetic design of camelina oil enriched in tailored acetyl-triacylglycerols with medium-chain fatty acids. Journal of Experimental Botany, 69:4395-4402. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery225

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Fatty Acyl Synthetases and Thioesterases in Plant Lipid Metabolism: Diverse Functions and Biotechnological Applications

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Fatty Acyl Synthetases and Thioesterases in Plant Lipid Metabolism: Diverse Functions and Biotechnological Applications

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