Current Understanding of West Nile Virus Clinical Manifestations, Immune Responses, Neuroinvasion, and Immunotherapeutic Implications

doi:10.3390/pathogens8040193

Review

. 2019 Oct 16;8(4):193.

doi: 10.3390/pathogens8040193.

Current Understanding of West Nile Virus Clinical Manifestations, Immune Responses, Neuroinvasion, and Immunotherapeutic Implications

Fengwei Bai¹, E Ashley Thompson², Parminder J S Vig³, A Arturo Leis⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA. fengwei.bai@usm.edu.
² Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA. elizabeth.a.thompson@usm.edu.
³ Departments of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA. pvig@umc.edu.
⁴ Methodist Rehabilitation Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA. aleis@mmrcrehab.org.

PMID: 31623175
PMCID: PMC6963678
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040193

Review

Current Understanding of West Nile Virus Clinical Manifestations, Immune Responses, Neuroinvasion, and Immunotherapeutic Implications

Fengwei Bai et al. Pathogens. 2019.

. 2019 Oct 16;8(4):193.

doi: 10.3390/pathogens8040193.

Authors

Fengwei Bai¹, E Ashley Thompson², Parminder J S Vig³, A Arturo Leis⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA. fengwei.bai@usm.edu.
² Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA. elizabeth.a.thompson@usm.edu.
³ Departments of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA. pvig@umc.edu.
⁴ Methodist Rehabilitation Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA. aleis@mmrcrehab.org.

PMID: 31623175
PMCID: PMC6963678
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040193

Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common mosquito-borne virus in North America. WNV-associated neuroinvasive disease affects all ages, although elderly and immunocompromised individuals are particularly at risk. WNV neuroinvasive disease has killed over 2300 Americans since WNV entered into the United States in the New York City outbreak of 1999. Despite 20 years of intensive laboratory and clinical research, there are still no approved vaccines or antivirals available for human use. However, rapid progress has been made in both understanding the pathogenesis of WNV and treatment in clinical practices. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV infection in terms of human clinical manifestations, host immune responses, neuroinvasion, and therapeutic interventions.

Keywords: West Nile virus; clinical manifestation; immune response; neuroinvasion; therapeutic implication.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
West Nile virus (WNV) neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis.

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References

1. Martin-Acebes M.A., Saiz J.C. West Nile virus: A re-emerging pathogen revisited. World J. Virol. 2012;1:51–70. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i2.51. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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1. Zhang Y., Gao W., Li J., Wu W., Jiu Y. The Role of Host Cytoskeleton in Flavivirus Infection. Virol. Sin. 2019;34:30–41. doi: 10.1007/s12250-019-00086-4. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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[1] Martin-Acebes M.A., Saiz J.C. West Nile virus: A re-emerging pathogen revisited. World J. Virol. 2012;1:51–70. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i2.51. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Martin-Acebes M.A., Saiz J.C. West Nile virus: A re-emerging pathogen revisited. World J. Virol. 2012;1:51–70. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i2.51. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Hackett B.A., Cherry S. Flavivirus internalization is regulated by a size-dependent endocytic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2018;115:4246–4251. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1720032115. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Hackett B.A., Cherry S. Flavivirus internalization is regulated by a size-dependent endocytic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2018;115:4246–4251. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1720032115. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Ng W.C., Soto-Acosta R., Bradrick S.S., Garcia-Blanco M.A., Ooi E.E. The 5′ and 3′ Untranslated Regions of the Flaviviral Genome. Viruses. 2017;9:137. doi: 10.3390/v9060137. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Ng W.C., Soto-Acosta R., Bradrick S.S., Garcia-Blanco M.A., Ooi E.E. The 5′ and 3′ Untranslated Regions of the Flaviviral Genome. Viruses. 2017;9:137. doi: 10.3390/v9060137. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Zhang Y., Gao W., Li J., Wu W., Jiu Y. The Role of Host Cytoskeleton in Flavivirus Infection. Virol. Sin. 2019;34:30–41. doi: 10.1007/s12250-019-00086-4. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Zhang Y., Gao W., Li J., Wu W., Jiu Y. The Role of Host Cytoskeleton in Flavivirus Infection. Virol. Sin. 2019;34:30–41. doi: 10.1007/s12250-019-00086-4. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Mazeaud C., Freppel W., Chatel-Chaix L. The Multiples Fates of the Flavivirus RNA Genome During Pathogenesis. Front. Genet. 2018;9:595. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00595. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] Mazeaud C., Freppel W., Chatel-Chaix L. The Multiples Fates of the Flavivirus RNA Genome During Pathogenesis. Front. Genet. 2018;9:595. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00595. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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Current Understanding of West Nile Virus Clinical Manifestations, Immune Responses, Neuroinvasion, and Immunotherapeutic Implications

Affiliations

Current Understanding of West Nile Virus Clinical Manifestations, Immune Responses, Neuroinvasion, and Immunotherapeutic Implications

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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