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. 2019 Oct 11;11(10):2429.
doi: 10.3390/nu11102429.

Fermentation of Blackberry with L. plantarum JBMI F5 Enhance the Protection Effect on UVB-Mediated Photoaging in Human Foreskin Fibroblast and Hairless Mice through Regulation of MAPK/NF-κB Signaling

Ha-Rim Kim  1 , Da-Hye Jeong  2 , Sol Kim  3 , Sang-Wang Lee  4 , Hong-Sig Sin  5 , Kang-Yeol Yu  6 , Seung-Il Jeong  7 , Seon-Young Kim  8
Affiliations

Fermentation of Blackberry with L. plantarum JBMI F5 Enhance the Protection Effect on UVB-Mediated Photoaging in Human Foreskin Fibroblast and Hairless Mice through Regulation of MAPK/NF-κB Signaling

Ha-Rim Kim et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Chronic and extensive exposure of ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation causes human skin sunburn, inflammation, or photoaging, which is associated with downregulated collagen synthesis. This study investigated the effects of fermented blackberry (Rubus fruticosus B., FBB) by Lactobacillus plantarum JBMI F5 (LP) on UVB-induced photoaging in human foreskin fibroblast (Hs68) as well as in SKH-1 hairless mice. FBB pretreatment inhibited UVB-mediated type-1 procollagen degradation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-2 protein expression, and suppressed nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in Hs68. In addition, FBB administration diminished the wrinkle formation in dorsal skin and epidermal thickening in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. Moreover, UVB-induced Type-1 procollagen reduction and antioxidant enzyme inactivation were reversed by FBB administration. These results suggest that FBB may have antiphotoaging effects on UVB-induced wrinkle formation by maintaining the extracellular matrix density in the dermis, which occurs via regulation of reactive oxygen species and related MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Therefore, FBB can be a potential candidate for protecting skin aging against UV irradiation.

Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum; MMPs; fermented blackberry; photoaging; skin aging; type I procollagen.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
UVB-induced damage of normal human foreskin fibroblast (Hs68) was decreased by pretreatment with fermented blackberry (FBB). Cells were treated with various doses of L. plantarum JBMI F5 (LP), BB inoculated with L. plantarum JBMI F5 blackberry (BBL), and FBB for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was determined with MTT assay. The cell survival activity for cells with pretreated with different concentrations of LP, BB, BBL, and FBB for 24 h and irradiated with UVB (100 mJ/cm2) in Hs68 cells. The viability was analyzed using MTT assay. *** p < 0.001 vs. Blank; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 vs. Control (CON, UVB irradiated group). Bar; Cell viability, Line; Cytotoxicity. Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effects of FBB on UVB-induced collagens (COL) degradation and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) production in Hs68 cells. Cells were stimulated with UVB (100 mJ/cm2) after incubated with the indicated doses of LP, BB, BBL, and FBB for 24 h in Hs68 cells. (A) Type I procollagen levels were measured in cell-free culture supernatants with ELISA kits. Cell lysates were analyzed by western blotting to determine the protein levels. (B) COL-1 and -3 protein levels. (C) MMP-1 levels in cell-free culture supernatants. (D) MMP-1 and -2 protein expression levels. The densitometry data represent are shown as relative density of protein bands normalized to β-actin level. *** p < 0.001 vs. normal (N, without UVB irradiation); ### p < 0.001 vs. control (C). † p < 0.05 vs. BB. Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effects of FBB on UVB-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling in Hs68 cells. Cells were stimulated with UVB (100 mJ/cm2) after incubated with the indicated doses of LP, BB, BBL, and FBB for 24 h in Hs68 cells. (A) Western blot analysis of p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, p-p38, and p-NF-κB. (B) Each band was densitometrically quantified by image analysis. The band density was normalized to each total protein level followed by statistical analysis. *** p < 0.001 vs. N; ### p < 0.001 vs. C. † p < 0.05 vs. BB. Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments.
Figure 4
Figure 4
FBB protects UVB-induced wrinkle formation and collagen degradation in the dorsal skin of hairless mice. (A) Upper panel, representative dorsal skin surfaces from all groups of hairless mice skin after UVB-irradiation; Middle panel, hematoxylin and eosin staining of the dorsal skins; Lower panel, Masson’s trichrome staining for collagen fibers. Collagen fibers appear blue. (B) Epidermis thickness of different groups. The magnification was ×200. (C) Type I procollagen levels were measured in serum and tissue lysates from all groups using ELISA kit. (D) The expression level of COL-1 and -3 proteins were detected by western blotting. Each band was densitometrically quantified by image analysis. The band density was normalized to β-actin followed by statistical analysis. *** p < 0.001 vs. N; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 vs. C. † p < 0.05 vs. BB. Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Suppression of MMP-1 expression in UVB-irradiated mouse skin by FBB. (A) Dorsal skin sections were immunostained with anti-MMP-1 antibody. The magnification was ×200. (B) MMP-1 levels were measured in serum and tissue lysates from all groups using ELISA kit. (C) The expression level of MMP-1 and -2 proteins were detected by western blotting. Each band was densitometrically quantified by image analysis. The band density was normalized to β-actin followed by statistical analysis. *** p < 0.001 vs. N; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 vs. C. † p < 0.05 vs. BB. Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of FBB on oxidative stress and iNOS and COX-2 protein expression in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. (A) Glutathione (GSH) concentrations and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were used to measured antioxidant activities in serum and tissue lysates. (B) Immunoblot analysis of the proteins in skin homogenates of hairless mice was performed as Materials and Methods. The expression level of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. Each band was densitometrically quantified by image analysis. The band density was normalized to β-actin followed by statistical analysis. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. N; ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 vs. C. † p < 0.05 vs. BB. Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Effect of FBB on UVB-induced MAPKs and NF-κB signaling in hairless mice. (A) Western blot analysis of p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, and p-p38 expression in skin tissue lysates. (B) Western blot analysis of p-IκBα NF-κB and expression. Each band was densitometrically quantified by image analysis. The band density was normalized to each total protein followed by statistical analysis. *** p < 0.001 vs. N; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 vs. C. Values are means ± SEM of three independent experiments.
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