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. 2019 Oct 9;11(10):924.
doi: 10.3390/v11100924.

Differential Susceptibility and Innate Immune Response of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to the Haitian Strain of the Mayaro Virus

Fodé Diop  1 , Haoues Alout  2 , Cheikh Tidiane Diagne  3 , Michèle Bengue  4 , Cécile Baronti  5 , Rodolphe Hamel  6 , Loïc Talignani  7 , Florian Liegeois  8 , Julien Pompon  9 , Ronald E Morales Vargas  10 , Antoine Nougairède  11 , Dorothée Missé  12
Affiliations

Differential Susceptibility and Innate Immune Response of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to the Haitian Strain of the Mayaro Virus

Fodé Diop et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Mayaro (MAYV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. Although forest-dwelling Haemagogus mosquitoes have been considered as its main vector, the virus has also been detected in circulating Aedes ssp mosquitoes. Here we assess the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to infection with MAYV and their innate immune response at an early stage of infection. Aedes albopictus was more susceptible to infection with MAYV than Ae. aegypti. Analysis of transcript levels of twenty immunity-related genes by real-time PCR in the midgut of both mosquitoes infected with MAYV revealed increased expression of several immune genes, including CLIP-domain serine proteases, the anti-microbial peptides defensin A, E, cecropin E, and the virus inducible gene. The regulation of certain genes appeared to be Aedes species-dependent. Infection of Ae. aegypti with MAYV resulted in increased levels of myeloid differentiation2-related lipid recognition protein (ML26A) transcripts, as compared to Ae. albopictus. Increased expression levels of thio-ester-containing protein 22 (TEP22) and Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) gene transcripts were observed in infected Ae. albopictus, but not Ae. aegypti. The differences in these gene expression levels during MAYV infection could explain the variation in susceptibility observed in both mosquito species.

Keywords: Aedes aegypti; Aedes albopictus; ML26A; Mayaro virus; Niemann–Pick type C1; arbovirus; chondrocytes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Viral infection rates after oral exposure to Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Panels (A,B) represent the rate of viral infection across time in the midgut and salivary glands, respectively. Error bars represent the 95% confidence interval.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Kinetics of Mayaro (MAYV) infection of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Panels (A,B) represent the number of the viral genome across time in the midgut and salivary glands, respectively. Panels (C,D) represent the mean number of viral genome for all time points. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean and asterisks indicate the significance level for statistical difference between mosquito species: * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001; non-significant differences were not indicated for clarity.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Kinetics of viral transmission after oral exposure of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti to MAYV. The transmission rates were determined by titration of the saliva collected from mosquitoes at day 3, 5, 7, and 14 post-virus exposure. Each circle corresponds to the virus titer of an individual subject, and the solid horizontal line represents the mean virus titer of the group.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Quantification of immune gene expression. Fold change in putative immune gene expression in the midgut following the feeding of Ae albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with MAYV-containing blood, as compared to non-infectious blood meal as a control. The gene expression profile was determined by real-time PCR at 3 days post-blood-feeding. The gene expression of mosquitoes that were fed with non-infected blood meal as a control was represented as 1 (baseline). Experiments were performed three times, and error bars represent standard error of the mean.
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