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Review
. 2019 Dec 1;317(6):G845-G852.
doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2018. Epub 2019 Oct 7.

Use of organoids to study regenerative responses to intestinal damage

Sarah E Blutt  1 , Ophir D Klein  2   3 , Mark Donowitz  4   5 , Noah Shroyer  6 , Chandan Guha  7 , Mary K Estes  1   6
Affiliations
Review

Use of organoids to study regenerative responses to intestinal damage

Sarah E Blutt et al. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. .

Abstract

Intestinal organoid cultures provide an in vitro model system for studying pathways and mechanisms involved in epithelial damage and repair. Derived from either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells or adult intestinal stem cells or tissues, these self-organizing, multicellular structures contain polarized mature cells that recapitulate both the physiology and heterogeneity of the intestinal epithelium. These cultures provide a cutting-edge technology for defining regenerative pathways that are induced following radiation or chemical damage, which directly target the cycling intestinal stem cell, or damage resulting from viral, bacterial, or parasitic infection of the epithelium. Novel signaling pathways or biological mechanisms identified from organoid studies that mediate regeneration of the epithelium following damage are likely to be important targets of preventive or therapeutic modalities to mitigate intestinal injury. The evolution of these cultures to include more components of the intestinal wall and the ability to genetically modify them are key components for defining the mechanisms that modulate epithelial regeneration.

Keywords: enteroids; intestinal stem cell; organoids; regeneration.

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Conflict of interest statement

No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.

Figures

None
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
The origin of human intestinal organoid cultures. Intestinal organoid cultures can be derived from either human embryonic stem cells or induced human pluripotent stem cells or adult stem cells derived from the intestinal tissue itself. These stem cells are propagated in vitro and form three-dimensional structures grown in matrigel matrix in a tissue culture dish. Figure was created with Biorender.com.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Formats of organoid culturing. Organoids can be cultured as three-dimensional (3D) structures enclosed within a matrigel plug. 3D organoids typically have the apical side of the epithelium facing the inside lumen of the 3D structure, making it difficult to easily access. 3D organoids can be dispersed and grown as a monolayer either in a 96-well plate or on a transwell membrane. In either format, there is easy access to the apical side of the epithelium. Figure was created with Biorender.com.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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