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Review
. 2019 Nov 13;93(23):e01085-19.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.01085-19. Print 2019 Dec 1.

Know Thyself: RIG-I-Like Receptor Sensing of DNA Virus Infection

Yang Zhao  1 , John Karijolich  2   3
Affiliations
Review

Know Thyself: RIG-I-Like Receptor Sensing of DNA Virus Infection

Yang Zhao et al. J Virol. .

Abstract

The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are double-stranded RNA-binding proteins that play a role in initiating and modulating cell intrinsic immunity through the recognition of RNA features typically absent from the host transcriptome. While they are initially characterized in the context of RNA virus infection, evidence has now accumulated establishing the role of RLRs in DNA virus infection. Here, we review recent advances in the RLR-mediated restriction of DNA virus infection with an emphasis on the RLR ligands sensed.

Keywords: DNA virus; MDA5; RIG-I; RIG-I-like receptors; herpesvirus; innate immunity.

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Figures

FIG 1
FIG 1
Schematic of RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) activation by various RNAs during DNA virus infection. Both viral and host RNAs are recognized by RLRs and are capable of activating downstream signaling through interactions with MAVS. Activation of MAVS via the RLRs results in the production of type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines. Solid lines indicate direct effects or pathway connections. Dashed lines indicate indirect signaling events and are omitted here because of space. Red lines indicate inhibitory effects. DUSP11, dual specificity phosphatase 11; EBER, Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1; IAV, influenza A virus; IKKε, IκB kinase-ε; IFN, interferon; IRF, IFN regulatory factor; KSHV, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; MDA5, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5; MRPL18, mitochondrial ribosomal protein L18; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NOP14, nucleolar protein 14; P, phosphate; RIG-I, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I; RNA5SP141, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 141 RNA; RNAPIII, RNA polymerase III; TBK-1, TANK-binding kinase 1; TST, thiosulfate sulfurtransferase; VA, viral associated RNA of adenovirus; vtRNA, vault RNA; VZV, varicella-zoster virus.
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