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Review
. 2019 Apr 30:2019:7147128.
doi: 10.1155/2019/7147128. eCollection 2019.

Encapsulation of Gold Nanorods with Porphyrins for the Potential Treatment of Cancer and Bacterial Diseases: A Critical Review

Nthabeleng Hlapisi  1 , Tshwafo E Motaung  1 , Linda Z Linganiso  1 , Oluwatobi S Oluwafemi  2   3 , Sandile P Songca  4
Affiliations
Review

Encapsulation of Gold Nanorods with Porphyrins for the Potential Treatment of Cancer and Bacterial Diseases: A Critical Review

Nthabeleng Hlapisi et al. Bioinorg Chem Appl. .

Abstract

Cancer and bacterial diseases have been the most incidental diseases to date. According to the World Health Report 2018, at least every family is affected by cancer around the world. In 2012, 14.1 million people were affected by cancer, and that figure is bound to increase to 21.6 million in 2030. Medicine therefore sorts out ways of treatment using conventional methods which have been proven to have many side effects. Researchers developed photothermal and photodynamic methods to treat both cancer and bacterial diseases. These methods pose fewer effects on the biological systems but still no perfect method has been synthesized. The review serves to explore porphyrin and gold nanorods to be used in the treatment of cancer and bacterial diseases: porphyrins as photosensitizers and gold nanorods as delivery agents. In addition, the review delves into ways of incorporating photothermal and photodynamic therapy aimed at producing a less toxic, more efficacious, and specific compound for the treatment.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structure of porphyrin.
Figure 2
Figure 2
UV-Vis spectrum of AuNRs at different preparation temperatures [61].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Illustration of gold nanorods of different aspect ratios in AgNO3 growth solution with concentration (a) 0.03, (b) 0.05, (c) 0.075, (d) 0.1, (e) 0.125, and (f) 0.15 mmol−1 [67].
Figure 4
Figure 4
XRD pattern of gold nanorods as prepared by the sonoelectrochemical method [83].
Figure 5
Figure 5
AuNRs prepared in the presence of a direction agent CTAB. Scale: 100 nm (TEM micrograph).
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) Growth solution: CTAB, HAuCl4, AgNO3, H2SO4, and AA. (B) Seed solution: CTAB, HAuCl4, and NaBH4. (C) Gold nanorods dispersed in pure water. (D) Redispensation of gold nanorods in pure water. (E) Gold nanorods dispersing in water. (F) mPEG-SH solution. (G) Gold nanorods wrapped in mPEG-SH, in pure water. (H) Gold nanorods wrapped in mPEG‐SH, dispersing in ethanol. (I) Gold nanorods dispersing in ethanol. (J) Gold nanorods dispersing in MMA. (K) Photopolymerisation resin. (L) Gold nanorods dispersing in photoresin.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Illustration of the template method to synthesize gold nanorods and reduction of Au(I). S, forming Au seeds; G, growth of the Au seeds [93].
Figure 8
Figure 8
The general scheme used for the three step seed-mediated method [95].
Figure 9
Figure 9
(a) A G1 PAMAM dendrimer and (b) G1 PPI dendrimer.
Figure 10
Figure 10
PC-AuNRs absorption spectrum, 0.5 nM Au nanorods (TEM image of PC-NRs).
Figure 11
Figure 11
Surface modification of AuNRs. (a) PSS, encapsulation occurs on the CTAB bilayer through electrostatic adsorption. (b) mPEG-SH, replacement of the CTAB by PEG by the gold sulphur binding [123].
Figure 12
Figure 12
Structures of the (a) mesosubstituted and (b) β-substituted porphyrins.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Synthesis of mesosubstituted tetraphenylporphyrin in open air [158].
Figure 14
Figure 14
Schematic method as by Linsdey in 1987 [159].
Figure 15
Figure 15
Reaction transformation from an aldehyde to a porphyrin.
Figure 16
Figure 16
(d) The tetrapyrole derivative porphynogen, a synthetic precursor of the porphyrin ligand. (a) Porphyrin. (b) Chlorin. (c) Bacteriochlorin. (d) Porphyrinogen. (e) Corrin.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Schematic representation of a photosensitizer before and after excitation.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Schematic mechanism of a porphyrin complex presenting a tetra-coordinated metal in its tetrapyrolic core. (i) Metal trans-coordinated to two ligands. (ii) Simplified presentation.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Graph showing a decrease in absorption of a composite AuNRs/mSiO2HP with ADBA with increased illumination time.
Figure 20
Figure 20
UV-Vis spectrum of TPPS-AuNRs and AuNRs.
Figure 21
Figure 21
AuNRs effects and applications [290].
Figure 22
Figure 22
Scheme of the fabrication of AuNRs/SiO2-HP. IPA, isopropyl alcohol; TEOS, tetraethyl orthosilicate; APTES, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; HP, hematoporphyrin; DCC, dicyclocarbodiimide; CTAB, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide [302].
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