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. 2019 May 17;16(10):1755.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph16101755.

Effect of Warming and Elevated O3 Concentration on CO2 Emissions in a Wheat-Soybean Rotation Cropland

Yuanyuan Wang  1 , Zhenghua Hu  2 , A R M Towfiqul Islam  3 , Shutao Chen  4 , Dongyao Shang  5 , Ying Xue  6
Affiliations

Effect of Warming and Elevated O3 Concentration on CO2 Emissions in a Wheat-Soybean Rotation Cropland

Yuanyuan Wang et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

A deeper understanding of the effects of experimental warming and elevated ozone (O3) concentration on carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes is imperative for reducing potential CO2 emissions in agroecosystems, but are less understood particularly in rotational wheat (Triticum aestivum)-soybean (Glycine max) croplands. In order to understand such effects on CO2 fluxes from winter wheat-soybean rotation, a field experiment was conducted by using the open-top chamber (OTCs) during the growing seasons of 2012 and 2013 at an agro-ecological station in southeast China. The experimental treatments included the control (CK), experimental warming (T, crop canopy temperature increased by ~2 °C), elevated O3 concentration (O, O3 concentration about 100 ppb) along with temperature enhancement (OT, elevated ~2 °C temperature plus 100 ppb O3). The results showed that warming significantly increased the mean CO2 fluxes (MCF) and the cumulative amount of CO2 (CAC) from soil and soil-crop systems, while elevated O3 and warming enhancement (OT) significantly reduced MCF and CAC. Besides, warming significantly reduced the biomass of winter-wheat, but it insignificantly decreased the biomass of soybean in the harvest period. The O and OT treatments significantly reduced the biomass of winter-wheat and soybean cropping systems in the harvest time. Both warming and elevated O3 concentration decreased the temperature sensitivity coefficients (Q10) in soil respiration during the experimental period. Overall, our results indicate that elevated O3 concentration compensates the effect of warming on CO2 emission to some extents, which has a positive feedback impact on the climate system.

Keywords: CO2 emission; elevated O3; global warming; soybean; winter wheat.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Seasonal variation in soil temperature and moisture: (a) Temperature in the winter wheat and soybean-growing seasons; (b) Moisture in the winter wheat and soybean-growing seasons.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of warming and elevated O3 concentration on CO2 emission fluxes from soil-crop system: (a) CO2 emission fluxes from soil-winter wheat system; (b) CO2 emission fluxes from soil-soybean system. Data are the mean values. Error bars are SEs. In figure (a), 03-08 to 03-28 are the turning-green stage, 03-29 to 04-09 are the elongation-booting stage, 04-10 to 04-26 are the heading-flowering stage, and 04-27 to 06-04 are the grain filling-maturity stage. In figure (b), 07-24 to 08-14 are the branching stage, 08-15 to 09-21 are the flowering-pod stage, and 09-22 to 11-05 are the grain filling-maturity stage.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of warming and elevated O3 concentration on CO2 emission fluxes from soil: (a), (b) Soil CO2 emission fluxes in winter wheat and soybean-growing seasons, respectively. Data are the mean values. Error bars are SEs. In figure (a), date 03-08 to 03-28 are the turning-green stage, 03-29 to 04-09 are the elongation-booting stage, 04-10 to 4-26 are the heading-flowering stage, and 04-27 to 06-04 are the grain filling-maturity stage of winter wheat. In figure (b), date 07-24 to 08-14 are the branching stage, 08-15 to 09-21 are the flowering-pod stage, and 09-22 to 11-05 are the grain filling-maturity stage of soybean.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of warming and elevated O3 concentration on cumulative amount of CO2 emission from soil and soil-crop system. Figure (a) and (b), cumulative amount of CO2 emission from soil and soil-crop system, respectively. Data are the mean values. Error bars are SEs. Different lowercase letters denote significant difference among different treatments at p ≤ 0.05.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Relationship between soil respiration rates and soil temperature in winter-wheat farmland under different treatments. (a), (b), (c), and (d), the relationship between soil respiration rates and soil temperature in winter-wheat farmland under the CK, T, O, and OT treatments, respectively.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Relationship between soil respiration rates and soil temperature in soybean farmland under different treatments. (a), (b), (c), and (d), the relationship between soil respiration rates and soil temperature in soybean farmland under the CK, T, O, and OT treatments, respectively.
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