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Review
. 2019 Mar 18:10:319.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00319. eCollection 2019.

Modulation of Ethylene and Ascorbic Acid on Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging in Plant Salt Response

Juan Wang  1   2 , Rongfeng Huang  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Modulation of Ethylene and Ascorbic Acid on Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging in Plant Salt Response

Juan Wang et al. Front Plant Sci. .

Abstract

Salt stress causes retarded plant growth and reduced crop yield. A complicated regulation network to response to salt stress has been evolved in plants under high salinity conditions. Ethylene is one of the most important phytohormones, playing a major role in salt stress response. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that ethylene modulates salt tolerance through reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a non-enzymatic antioxidant, contributing to ROS-scavenging and salt tolerance. Here, we mainly focus on the advances in understanding the modulation of ethylene and AsA on ROS-scavenging under salinity stress. We also review the regulators involved in the ethylene signaling pathway and AsA biosynthesis that respond to salt stress. Moreover, the AsA pool is affected by many environmental conditions, and the potential role of ethylene in AsA production is also extensively discussed. Novel insights into the roles and mechanisms of ethylene in AsA-mediated ROS homeostasis will provide critical information for improving crop salt tolerance.

Keywords: AsA; ROS scavenging; ethylene; homeostasis; salt stress.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
The modulation of ethylene signaling and AsA biosynthesis regulators on ROS homeostasis in response to salt stress. Ethylene is accumulated and plays dual roles in ROS homeostasis under salt stress. On one hand, ethylene promotes ROS production to active Na+ and K+ transport through upregulating Rbohs gene expression. In the other hand, salt stress enhances EBF1/EBF2 degradation through EIN2C-dependant translational regulation to increase EIN3/EIL1 protein levels, activating gene expression of EIN3 direct binding targets (ESE1, SIED1, and POD) and ethylene response factors (JERF3 and ERF98) to regulate salt tolerance via ROS scavenging. ERF98 positively regulates salt tolerance via transcriptional activation of AsA biosynthesis gene VTC1. Moreover, CSN5B, a subunit of photomorphogenic COP9 signalosome, contributes to AsA biosynthesis and salt responses due to modulation on VTC1 degradation. SIZF3 also confers salt tolerance through mediating the interaction between CSN5B and VTC1. This research indicates that ROS accumulation under salt stress could be eliminated through enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways, in both of which ethylene signaling is involved. However, the understanding of ethylene roles in AsA biosynthesis is yet limited. ABI4 negatively regulates ethylene synthesis and AsA production, which supply a possible mechanism coordinating ABA and ethylene to regulate AsA biosynthesis under salt stress. Ca2+ signaling could be induced by both ROS signaling and participates in AsA biosynthesis modulation through PMM. Arrows and lines with bars indicate activation and inhibition, respectively. Dotted lines indicate indirect regulations.
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