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. 2019 Jul 2;220(3):386-391.
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz124.

Rapid Disappearance of Poliovirus Type 2 (PV2) Immunity in Young Children Following Withdrawal of Oral PV2-Containing Vaccine in Vietnam

Dang Thi Thanh Huyen  1 , Ondrej Mach  2 , Nguyen Thanh Trung  1 , Pham Quang Thai  1 , Ho Vinh Thang  3 , William C Weldon  4 , M Steven Oberste  4 , Visalakshi Jeyaseelan  2 , Roland W Sutter  2 , Dang Duc Anh  1
Affiliations

Rapid Disappearance of Poliovirus Type 2 (PV2) Immunity in Young Children Following Withdrawal of Oral PV2-Containing Vaccine in Vietnam

Dang Thi Thanh Huyen et al. J Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Due to global shortage of inactivated poliovirus vaccine and withdrawal of oral vaccine containing poliovirus type 2 (PV2), a PV2-containing vaccine was not used in Vietnam May 2016 to October 2018. We assessed the population immunity gap to PV2.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey in children aged 1-18 months was carried out in January 2018. One blood sample per child was analyzed for presence of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies. In children with detectable anti-PV2 antibodies, a second sample was analyzed 4 months later to distinguish between passive (maternally derived) and active (induced by secondary transmission or vaccination) immunity.

Results: Sera were obtained from 1106/1110 children. Seroprevalence of PV2 antibodies was 87/368 (23.6%) at age 1-7 months, 27/471 (5.7%) at 8-15 months, and 19/267 (7.1%) at 16-18 months. Seroprevalence declined with age in the 1-7 months group; in the 8-18 months group there was no significant change with age. Four months later, 11/87 (14%), 9/27 (32%), and 12/19 (37%) remained seropositive in 1-7, 8-15, and 16-18 months age groups, respectively.

Conclusions: We found declining immunity to PV2, suggesting Vietnam is at risk for an outbreak of type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus following virus importation or new emergence.

Keywords: Vietnam; eradication; poliomyelitis; vaccination.

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Conflict of interest statement

Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts of interest. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Seroprevalence of poliovirus type 2 (PV2) antibodies per province and age group. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Seroprevalence of poliovirus type 2 antibodies, from Binh Phuoc and Phu Tho provinces combined, per age in months. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Seroprevalence of poliovirus type 2 antibodies at stage 2 among children who had been seropositive for PV2 in stage 1. Age groups in stage 1 and stage 2 are given on x-axis; stage 2 was 4 months after stage 1.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Seroprevalence of antipoliovirus type 1 (PV1) and anti-PV3 antibodies at stage 1, per age in months. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals. Age group, poliovirus type, and province are given on the x-axis.
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