Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2019 Mar 9;19(5):1204.
doi: 10.3390/s19051204.

Recent Advances in Electrosynthesized Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensing Platforms for Bioanalyte Detection

Robert D Crapnell  1 , Alexander Hudson  2 , Christopher W Foster  3 , Kasper Eersels  4 , Bart van Grinsven  5 , Thomas J Cleij  6 , Craig E Banks  7 , Marloes Peeters  8   9
Affiliations
Review

Recent Advances in Electrosynthesized Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensing Platforms for Bioanalyte Detection

Robert D Crapnell et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

The accurate detection of biological materials has remained at the forefront of scientific research for decades. This includes the detection of molecules, proteins, and bacteria. Biomimetic sensors look to replicate the sensitive and selective mechanisms that are found in biological systems and incorporate these properties into functional sensing platforms. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors that can form high affinity binding sites complementary to the specific analyte of interest. They utilise the shape, size, and functionality to produce sensitive and selective recognition of target analytes. One route of synthesizing MIPs is through electropolymerization, utilising predominantly constant potential methods or cyclic voltammetry. This methodology allows for the formation of a polymer directly onto the surface of a transducer. The thickness, morphology, and topography of the films can be manipulated specifically for each template. Recently, numerous reviews have been published in the production and sensing applications of MIPs; however, there are few reports on the use of electrosynthesized MIPs (eMIPs). The number of publications and citations utilising eMIPs is increasing each year, with a review produced on the topic in 2012. This review will primarily focus on advancements from 2012 in the use of eMIPs in sensing platforms for the detection of biologically relevant materials, including the development of increased polymer layer dimensions for whole bacteria detection and the use of mixed monomer compositions to increase selectivity toward analytes.

Keywords: bacteria; biomolecules; electropolymerization; electrosynthesis; molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs); proteins; sensors.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Scheme of the solid-phase synthesis of nanoMIPs. In this example, a protein is shown as the template molecule. (b) Representative TEM of biotin MIPs. Reproduced from [31]—Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic of the typical development of an eMIP based sensing platform with two examples of detection read out. The template is first mixed with the monomer solution, then using either the constant potential or cyclic voltammetry. The template is then removed from the polymer layer. Upon the addition of sample, the target rebinds to the polymer layer, which can be measured through various techniques, such as voltammetry or thermal analysis.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic illustrations of the fabrication procedure of MIP/PPyNWs/GCE (Differential pulse voltammograms: Slight current of dopamine (DA)can be seen in left figure due to the extraction of DA; MIP/PPyNWs/GCE showed much higher current of DA than that of MIP/PPyF/GCE in middle figure owing to the excellent electrocatalysis of PPyNWs to DA. Reproduced by permission from Springer Nature, Microchimica Acta, Teng et al. [94], Copyright 2017.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schematic diagram of the sensing platform produced by Nguy et al. utilising a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) functionalized with AuNPs and poly(4-aminophenol) imprinted with sarcosine. Reprinted from Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 246, Nguy et al., Development of an impedimetric sensor for the label-free detection of the amino acid sarcosine with molecularly imprinted polymer receptors., 461–470, 2017, with permission from Elsevier.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Schematic illustration of the electrochemical determination of salbutamol using an eMIP sensing platform. Reproduced from [105]—Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic representation of the sensing platform produced by Ribeiro et al. for the detection of the cancer biomarker, CA 15-3. A Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) is formed on the Au electrode with a glutaraldehyde linking this to a layer of the monomer. Reprinted from Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 109, Ribeiro et al., Disposable electrochemical detection of the breast cancer tumour marker, CA 15-3, using poly(Toluidine Blue) as the imprinted polymer receptor, 246-254, 2018, with permission from Elsevier.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Figure showing (left) the formation of the polypyrrole eMIP with P. aeruginosa as a template and (right) the eMIP layer after the expulsion of the bacteria through treatment with lysozyme, Triton X, and over-oxidization. Reprinted with permission from [170]. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Chen L., Wang X., Lu W., Wu X., Li J. Molecular imprinting: Perspectives and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016;45:2137–2211. doi: 10.1039/C6CS00061D. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Pan J., Chen W., Ma Y., Pan G. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Receptor Mimics for Selective Cell Recognition. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018;47:5574–5587. doi: 10.1039/C7CS00854F. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Uzun L., Turner A.P.F. Molecularly-imprinted polymer sensors: Realising their potential. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2016;76:131–144. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.013. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Gui R., Guo H., Wang Z., Jin H. Recent advances and future prospects in molecularly imprinted polymers-based electrochemical biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018;15:56–70. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.058. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Canfarotta F., Rapini R., Piletsky S. Recent advances in electrochemical sensors based on chiral and nano-sized imprinted polymers. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2018;7:146–152. doi: 10.1016/j.coelec.2017.11.018. - DOI

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources