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Review
. 2018 Oct 12;7(10):165.
doi: 10.3390/cells7100165.

Viral Persistence and Chronicity in Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Role of T-Cell Apoptosis, Senescence and Exhaustion

Muttiah Barathan  1 , Rosmawati Mohamed  2 , Yean K Yong  3 , Meganathan Kannan  4 , Jamuna Vadivelu  5 , Alireza Saeidi  6 , Marie Larsson  7 , Esaki Muthu Shankar  8
Affiliations
Review

Viral Persistence and Chronicity in Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Role of T-Cell Apoptosis, Senescence and Exhaustion

Muttiah Barathan et al. Cells. .

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a challenging global health threat to ~200 million infected individuals. Clinical data suggest that only ~10⁻15% of acutely HCV-infected individuals will achieve spontaneous viral clearance despite exuberant virus-specific immune responses, which is largely attributed to difficulties in recognizing the pathognomonic symptoms during the initial stages of exposure to the virus. Given the paucity of a suitable small animal model, it is also equally challenging to study the early phases of viral establishment. Further, the host factors contributing to HCV chronicity in a vast majority of acutely HCV-infected individuals largely remain unexplored. The last few years have witnessed a surge in studies showing that HCV adopts myriad mechanisms to disconcert virus-specific immune responses in the host to establish persistence, which includes, but is not limited to viral escape mutations, viral growth at privileged sites, and antagonism. Here we discuss a few hitherto poorly explained mechanisms employed by HCV that are believed to lead to chronicity in infected individuals. A better understanding of these mechanisms would aid the design of improved therapeutic targets against viral establishment in susceptible individuals.

Keywords: apoptosis; chronic infection; hepatitis C virus; immunity; viral persistence.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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