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Review
. 2018 Sep 19:9:1963.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01963. eCollection 2018.

New Vaccine Technologies to Combat Outbreak Situations

Susanne Rauch  1 , Edith Jasny  1 , Kim E Schmidt  1 , Benjamin Petsch  1
Affiliations
Review

New Vaccine Technologies to Combat Outbreak Situations

Susanne Rauch et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Ever since the development of the first vaccine more than 200 years ago, vaccinations have greatly decreased the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, famously leading to the eradication of small pox and allowing the restriction of diseases such as polio, tetanus, diphtheria, and measles. A multitude of research efforts focuses on the improvement of established and the discovery of new vaccines such as the HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccine in 2006. However, radical changes in the density, age distribution and traveling habits of the population worldwide as well as the changing climate favor the emergence of old and new pathogens that bear the risk of becoming pandemic threats. In recent years, the rapid spread of severe infections such as HIV, SARS, Ebola, and Zika have highlighted the dire need for global preparedness for pandemics, which necessitates the extremely rapid development and comprehensive distribution of vaccines against potentially previously unknown pathogens. What is more, the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria calls for new approaches to prevent infections. Given these changes, established methods for the identification of new vaccine candidates are no longer sufficient to ensure global protection. Hence, new vaccine technologies able to achieve rapid development as well as large scale production are of pivotal importance. This review will discuss viral vector and nucleic acid-based vaccines (DNA and mRNA vaccines) as new approaches that might be able to tackle these challenges to global health.

Keywords: DNA vaccine; mRNA vaccine; pandemics; vaccine development; viral vector vaccine.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Clinical development of vaccines against recent outbreaks. The timeline above indicates the year a given virus started spreading in the human population; boxes below represent the start of clinical vaccine development and the employed technology (shown exclusively for viral vector and nucleic acid based vaccines). For HIV, only select studies that represent major advances are shown. *1983 represents the year the HI virus was discovered; the virus likely started spreading at the beginning of the twentieth century. **2003 represents the year H5N1 caused rising numbers of infections, the first H5N1 infection in a human was registered in 1997. Ad4, 5, 26, human adenovirus type 4, 5 or 26; ChAd, chimpanzee adenovirus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; H5N1, influenza H5N1; H1N1 pdm09, influenza H1N1 2009 “swine flu”; H10N8, influenza H10N8; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid based vaccine, MVA, modified vaccinia Ankara; RNA, ribonucleic acid based vaccine; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus; HPIV3, human parainfluenza virus type 3; MV, measles virus.
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