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Review
. 2018 Sep 7;9(9):CD005465.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005465.pub4.

Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals

Ian D Cameron  1 , Suzanne M Dyer, Claire E Panagoda, Geoffrey R Murray, Keith D Hill, Robert G Cumming, Ngaire Kerse
Affiliations
Review

Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals

Ian D Cameron et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Falls in care facilities and hospitals are common events that cause considerable morbidity and mortality for older people. This is an update of a review first published in 2010 and updated in 2012.

Objectives: To assess the effects of interventions designed to reduce the incidence of falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (August 2017); Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2017, Issue 8); and MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and trial registers to August 2017.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of interventions for preventing falls in older people in residential or nursing care facilities, or hospitals.

Data collection and analysis: One review author screened abstracts; two review authors screened full-text articles for inclusion. Two review authors independently performed study selection, 'Risk of bias' assessment and data extraction. We calculated rate ratios (RaR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for rate of falls and risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs for outcomes such as risk of falling (number of people falling). We pooled results where appropriate. We used GRADE to assess the quality of evidence.

Main results: Thirty-five new trials (77,869 participants) were included in this update. Overall, we included 95 trials (138,164 participants), 71 (40,374 participants; mean age 84 years; 75% women) in care facilities and 24 (97,790 participants; mean age 78 years; 52% women) in hospitals. The majority of trials were at high risk of bias in one or more domains, mostly relating to lack of blinding. With few exceptions, the quality of evidence for individual interventions in either setting was generally rated as low or very low. Risk of fracture and adverse events were generally poorly reported and, where reported, the evidence was very low-quality, which means that we are uncertain of the estimates. Only the falls outcomes for the main comparisons are reported here.Care facilitiesSeventeen trials compared exercise with control (typically usual care alone). We are uncertain of the effect of exercise on rate of falls (RaR 0.93, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.20; 2002 participants, 10 studies; I² = 76%; very low-quality evidence). Exercise may make little or no difference to the risk of falling (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.18; 2090 participants, 10 studies; I² = 23%; low-quality evidence).There is low-quality evidence that general medication review (tested in 12 trials) may make little or no difference to the rate of falls (RaR 0.93, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.35; 2409 participants, 6 studies; I² = 93%) or the risk of falling (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.09; 5139 participants, 6 studies; I² = 48%).There is moderate-quality evidence that vitamin D supplementation (4512 participants, 4 studies) probably reduces the rate of falls (RaR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.95; I² = 62%), but probably makes little or no difference to the risk of falling (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.12; I² = 42%). The population included in these studies had low vitamin D levels.Multifactorial interventions were tested in 13 trials. We are uncertain of the effect of multifactorial interventions on the rate of falls (RaR 0.88, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.18; 3439 participants, 10 studies; I² = 84%; very low-quality evidence). They may make little or no difference to the risk of falling (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.05; 3153 participants, 9 studies; I² = 42%; low-quality evidence).HospitalsThree trials tested the effect of additional physiotherapy (supervised exercises) in rehabilitation wards (subacute setting). The very low-quality evidence means we are uncertain of the effect of additional physiotherapy on the rate of falls (RaR 0.59, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.34; 215 participants, 2 studies; I² = 0%), or whether it reduces the risk of falling (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.93; 83 participants, 2 studies; I² = 0%).We are uncertain of the effects of bed and chair sensor alarms in hospitals, tested in two trials (28,649 participants) on rate of falls (RaR 0.60, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.34; I² = 0%; very low-quality evidence) or risk of falling (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.38 to 2.24; I² = 0%; very low-quality evidence).Multifactorial interventions in hospitals may reduce rate of falls in hospitals (RaR 0.80, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.01; 44,664 participants, 5 studies; I² = 52%). A subgroup analysis by setting suggests the reduction may be more likely in a subacute setting (RaR 0.67, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.83; 3747 participants, 2 studies; I² = 0%; low-quality evidence). We are uncertain of the effect of multifactorial interventions on the risk of falling (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.09; 39,889 participants; 3 studies; I² = 0%; very low-quality evidence).

Authors' conclusions: In care facilities: we are uncertain of the effect of exercise on rate of falls and it may make little or no difference to the risk of falling. General medication review may make little or no difference to the rate of falls or risk of falling. Vitamin D supplementation probably reduces the rate of falls but not risk of falling. We are uncertain of the effect of multifactorial interventions on the rate of falls; they may make little or no difference to the risk of falling.In hospitals: we are uncertain of the effect of additional physiotherapy on the rate of falls or whether it reduces the risk of falling. We are uncertain of the effect of providing bed sensor alarms on the rate of falls or risk of falling. Multifactorial interventions may reduce rate of falls, although subgroup analysis suggests this may apply mostly to a subacute setting; we are uncertain of the effect of these interventions on risk of falling.

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Conflict of interest statement

Four review authors were investigators for seven included studies: ID Cameron (Cumming 2008; Sambrook 2012) and RG Cumming (Barker 2016; Cumming 2008; Sambrook 2012); KD Hill (Barker 2016; Haines 2004; Haines 2011); N Kerse (Kerse 2004; Kerse 2008). Authors did not assess risk of bias in their own trials.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
3
3
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care (grouped by level of care), outcome: 1.1 Rate of falls. NB four additional trials with data unsuitable for pooling reported a reduction in the rate of falls.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care (grouped by level of care), outcome: 1.2 Number of fallers. NB One additional trial with data not suitable for pooling reported no significant reduction in the risk of falling.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 11 Multifactorial interventions vs usual care grouped by level of care (care facilities), outcome: 11.1 Rate of falls.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care, Outcome 3 Number of fallers.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care, Outcome 4 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care, Outcome 5 Rate of falls, excluding studies with ≤20 participants in each arm.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care, Outcome 6 Number of fallers, excluding studies with ≤20 participants in each arm.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care, Outcome 7 Adverse events: aches and pains.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Care facilities: Exercises vs usual care (grouped by type of exercise), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Care facilities: Exercises vs usual care (grouped by type of exercise), Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care (grouped by level of care), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Care facilities: Exercise vs usual care (grouped by level of care), Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Care facilities: Comparisons of different exercise programs (see Appendix 4 for details), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Care facilities: Comparisons of different exercise programs (see Appendix 4 for details), Outcome 3 Number of fallers.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Care facilities: Comparisons of different exercise programs (see Appendix 4 for details), Outcome 4 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Care facilities: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Care facilities: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Care facilities: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Care facilities: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 4 Rate of falls post‐hoc sensitivity analysis (excluding Potter 2016).
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Care facilities: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 5 Serious adverse events.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Care facilities: Vitamin D supplementation vs no vitamin D supplementation, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Care facilities: Vitamin D supplementation vs no vitamin D supplementation, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Care facilities: Vitamin D supplementation vs no vitamin D supplementation, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Care facilities: Vitamin D supplementation vs no vitamin D supplementation, Outcome 4 Adverse events.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Care facilities: Environmental interventions vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Care facilities: Social environment vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Care facilities: Social environment vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Care facilities: Social environment vs usual care, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Care facilities: Psychological interventions vs control, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Care facilities: Psychological interventions vs control, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Care facilities: Other single interventions vs control, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Care facilities: Other single interventions vs control, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Care facilities: Other single interventions vs control, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Care facilities: Multiple interventions vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Care facilities: Multiple interventions vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Care facilities: Multiple interventions vs usual care, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by level of care), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by level of care), Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by level of cognition), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14 Care facilities: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by level of cognition), Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 Hospitals: Additional exercises vs usual physiotherapy, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
15.2
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15 Hospitals: Additional exercises vs usual physiotherapy, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Hospitals: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16 Hospitals: Medication review vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 Hospitals: Vitamin D supplements vs no vitamin D supplements, Outcome 1 Number of fallers.
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17 Hospitals: Vitamin D supplements vs no vitamin D supplements, Outcome 2 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
17.3
17.3. Analysis
Comparison 17 Hospitals: Vitamin D supplements vs no vitamin D supplements, Outcome 3 Adverse events.
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 Hospitals: Environmental interventions vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18 Hospitals: Environmental interventions vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19 Hospitals: Social environment vs control, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19 Hospitals: Social environment vs control, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
19.3
19.3. Analysis
Comparison 19 Hospitals: Social environment vs control, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20 Hospitals: Knowledge/education interventions vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20 Hospitals: Knowledge/education interventions vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21 Hospitals: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
21.2
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21 Hospitals: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
21.3
21.3. Analysis
Comparison 21 Hospitals: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care, Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22 Hospitals: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by type of care), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
22.2
22.2. Analysis
Comparison 22 Hospitals: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by type of care), Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
22.3
22.3. Analysis
Comparison 22 Hospitals: Multifactorial interventions vs usual care (grouped by type of care), Outcome 3 Number of people sustaining a fracture.
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    1. Faber MJ, Bosscher RJ, Chin A, Paw MJ, Wieringen PC. Effects of exercise programs on falls and mobility in frail and pre‐frail older adults: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2006;87(7):885‐96. - PubMed
Flicker 2005 {published data only}
    1. Flicker L, MacInnis R, Stein M, Scherer S, Mead K, Nowson C, et al. Erratum: Should older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls? Results of a randomized trial (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (2005) 53 (1881‐1888)). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012;60(8):1599. - PubMed
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Frankenthal 2014 {published data only}
    1. Frankenthal D, Israeli A, Caraco Y, Kalendaryev E, Zandman‐Goddard G, Lerman Y. Long‐term outcomes of medication intervention using the screening tool of older persons potentially inappropriate prescriptions screening tool to alert doctors to right treatment criteria. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2017; Vol. 65, issue 2:e33‐8. - PubMed
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    1. Frankenthal D, Lerman Y, Kalendaryev E, Lerman Y. Intervention with the screening tool of older persons potentially inappropriate prescriptions/screening tool to alert doctors to right treatment criteria in elderly residents of a chronic geriatric facility: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2014;62(9):1658‐65. - PubMed
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Fu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Fu AS, Gao KL, Tung AK, Tsang WW, Kwan MM. Effectiveness of exergaming training in reducing risk and incidence of falls in frail older adults with a history of falls. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2015;96(12):2096‐102. - PubMed
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Garcia Gollarte 2014 {published data only}
    1. Garcia‐Gollarte F, Baleriola‐Julvez J, Ferrero‐Lopez I, Cuenllas‐Diaz A, Cruz‐Jentoft AJ. An educational intervention on drug use in nursing homes improves health outcomes resource utilization and reduces inappropriate drug prescription. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2014;15(12):885‐91. - PubMed
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Haines 2010 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12609000243213. Cluster randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness of low‐low beds for the prevention of in‐hospital falls. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=83489 (first received 12 May 2009).
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Haines 2011 {published data only}
    1. Haines TP, Hill AM, Hill KD, Brauer SG, Hoffmann T, Etherton‐Beer C, et al. Cost effectiveness of patient education for the prevention of falls in hospital: economic evaluation from a randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine 2013;11:135. - PMC - PubMed
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Healey 2004 {published data only}
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    1. ACTRN12612000877886. Improving older patients' safety in Western Australian hospitals ‐ reducing falls in rehabilitation units. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612000877886.aspx (first received 16 August 2012).
    1. Hill AM, McPhail S, Waldron N, Etherton‐Beer C, Flicker L, Ingram K, et al. Reducing falls in hospital through education to change patient and staff behaviour: A stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled effectiveness trial. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom) 2015;101(Suppl 1):e984.
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Houghton 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Desborough J. Re: Multi‐professional clinical medication reviews in care homes for the elderly: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial with cost effectiveness analysis [personal communication]. Email to: S. Dyer. 26 July 2016. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. ISRCTN90761620. Multi‐professional clinical medication reviews in care homes for the elderly. controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN90761620 (first received 21 October 2010).
Huang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Huang TT, Chung ML, Chen FR, Chin YF, Wang BH. Evaluation of a combined cognitive‐behavioural and exercise intervention to manage fear of falling among elderly residents in nursing homes. Aging & Mental Health 2016;20(1):2‐12. [DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1020411] - DOI - PubMed
Imaoka 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Imaoka M. RE: "Intervention for falls: Reduced exercise and vitamin D supplementation among the institutionalized frail elderly" [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 12 September 2016.
    1. Imaoka M, Higuchi Y, Todo E, Hirasima K, Kitagawa T, Ueda T, et al. Intervention for falls: Reduced exercise and vitamin D supplementation among the institutionalized frail elderly. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom) 2015;101(Suppl 1):e641. [Conference Abstract 201552]
    1. Imaoka M, Higuchi Y, Todu E, Kitagwa T, Ueda T. Low‐frequency exercise and vitamin D supplementation reduce falls among institutionalized frail elderly. International Journal of Gerontology 2016;10(4):202‐6.
Irez 2011 {published data only}
    1. Irez GB, Ozdemir RA, Evin R, Irez SG, Korkusuz F. Integrating pilates exercise into an exercise program for 65+ year‐old women to reduce falls. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine 2011;10(1):105‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Jarvis 2007 {published data only}
    1. Clague N, Kerr KM, Mockett SP. A pilot randomised trial to assess the effects of inpatient physiotherapy on falls in the elderly (poster 49). Proceedings of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Annual Congress and Exhibition; 2003 Oct 17‐19; Birmingham (UK). London: Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, 2003:81.
    1. Jarvis N, Kerr K, Mockett S. Pilot study to explore the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial to determine the dose effect of physiotherapy on patients admitted to hospital following a fall. Practical Evidence 2007;2(2):4‐12.
Jensen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Jensen J, Lundin‐Olsson L, Nyberg L, Gustafson Y. Falls and injury prevention in older people living in residential care facilities. A cluster randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2002;136(10):733‐41. - PubMed
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Juola 2015 {published data only}
    1. Juola AL, Bjorkman MP, Kautiainen H, Pylkkanen S, Finne‐Soveri UH, Soini H, et al. Nursing staff education to reduce potentially harmful medication use among older people in assisted living facilities: Effects of randomized controlled trial on cognition and falls. 10th International Congress of the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society ‐ Geriatric Medicine Crossing Borders, EUGMS14; Rotterdam, Netherlands. 2014. [S51]
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Kennedy 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ioannidis G, Papaioannou A, Kennedy C, Giangregorio L, Pickard L, Johnson J, et al. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in women and men living in long term care (LTC) homes: The vitamin D osteoporosis study (VIDOS). Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2010;25:S1. [Abstract SU0416]
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Meyer 2009 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN37794278. Predicting the risk of falling ‐ efficacy of a risk assessment tool compared to nurses' judgement: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN37794278 (first received 11 August 2005). - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Neyens JC, Dijcks BP, Twisk J, Schols JM, Haastregt JC, Heuvel WJ, et al. A multifactorial intervention for the prevention of falls in psychogeriatric nursing home patients, a randomised controlled trial (RCT). Age and Ageing 2009;38(2):194‐9. - PubMed
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Nowalk 2001 {published data only}
    1. Nowalk MP, Prendergast JM, Bayles CM, D'Amico FJ, Colvin GC. A randomized trial of exercise programs among older individuals living in two long‐term care facilities: the FallsFREE program. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(7):859‐65. - PubMed
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Peyro Saint Paul 2013 {published and unpublished data}
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Potter 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. ACTRN12611000370909. Deprescribing in frail older people: a randomised controlled trial [A randomised controlled trial in frail older people living in residential aged care facilities in Western Australia designed to test the effect of deprescribing on medication burden at one year]. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=336757&isReview... (first received 4 April 2011).
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Sambrook 2012 {published data only}
    1. Durvasula S, Gies P, Mason RS, Chen JS, Henderson S, Seibel MJ, et al. Vitamin D response of older people in residential aged care to sunlight‐derived ultraviolet radiation. Archives of Osteoporosis 2014;9(1):1‐7. - PubMed
    1. Durvasula S, Kok C, Sambrook PN, Cumming RG, Lord SR, March LM, et al. Sunlight and health: attitudes of older people living in intermediate care facilities in southern Australia. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2010;51(3):e94‐9. - PubMed
    1. Durvasula S, Sambrook PN, Cameron ID. Factors influencing adherence with therapeutic sunlight exposure in older people in intermediate care facilities. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2012;54(2):e234‐41. - PubMed
    1. March LM, Seibell MJ, Simpson JM, Sambrook P, Cameron ID, Durvasula S, et al. A randomised controlled trial of increased sunlight exposure to reduce vitamin D deficiency and falls risk in the elderly [abstract]. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2009;24(Suppl 1):S73.
    1. NCT00322166. The FREEDOM study: a randomised controlled trial of sunlight and calcium in older people. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00322166 (first received 4 May 2006).
Saravanakumar 2014 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612000103864, University of Newcastle. Preventing falls in older people in residential care settings: improving balance through Tai Chi and Yoga ‐ a randomised controlled study. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612000103864.aspx (first received 8 January 2012).
    1. Saravanakumar P, Higgins IJ, Riet PJ, Marquez J, Sibbritt D. The influence of tai chi and yoga on balance and falls in a residential care setting: A randomised controlled trial. Contemporary Nurse 2014;48(1):76‐87. - PubMed
Schnelle 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bates‐Jensen BM, Alessi CA, Al‐Samarrai NR, Schnelle JF. The effects of an exercise and incontinence intervention on skin health outcomes in nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(3):348‐55. - PubMed
    1. Schnelle JF, Alessi CA, Simmons SF. Translating clinical records into practice. A randomized controlled trial of exercise and incontinence care with nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(9):1476‐83. - PubMed
    1. Schnelle JF, Kanika K, Alessi C, Osterweil D, Beck JG, Al‐Samarrai N, et al. Does an exercise and incontinence intervention save healthcare costs in a nursing home population?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(2):161‐8. - PubMed
Schoenfelder 2000 {published data only}
    1. Schoenfelder DP. A fall prevention program for elderly individuals. Exercise in long‐term care settings. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 2000;26(3):43‐51. - PubMed
    1. Schoenfelder DP, Rubenstein LM. An exercise program to improve fall‐related outcomes in elderly nursing home residents. Applied Nursing Research 2004;17(1):21‐31. - PubMed
Serra‐Rexach 2011 {published data only}
    1. NCT00848978. Strength training in nonagenarians (STRONG). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00848978 (accessed 04 June 2012).
    1. Serra Rexach JA, Ruiz JR, Bustamante‐Ara N, Villaran MH, Gil PG, Sanz Ibanez MJ, et al. Health enhancing strength training in nonagenarians (STRONG): rationale, design and methods. BMC Public Health 2009;9:152. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Serra‐Rexach JA, Bustamante‐Ara N, Hierro Villaran M, Gonzalez Gil P, Sanz Ibanez M, Blanco Sanz N, et al. Short‐term, light‐ to moderate‐intensity exercise training improves leg muscle strength in the oldest old: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(4):594‐602. - PubMed
Shaw 2003 {published data only}
    1. Chapman KL, Dawson P, Shaw FE, Kenny RA. Physiotherapy intervention for cognitively impaired elderly fallers attending casualty [abstract]. Age and Ageing 1997;26(Suppl 1):13.
    1. Dawson P, Chapman KL, Shaw FE, Kenny RA. Measuring the outcome of physiotherapy in cognitively impaired elderly patients who fall. Physiotherapy 1997;83(7):352.
    1. Shaw FE. Risk modification of falls in older patients with cognitive impaired and dementia attending a casualty department [thesis]. Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2001.
    1. Shaw FE, Bond J, Richardson DA, Dawson P, Steen IN, McKeith IG, et al. Multifactorial intervention after a fall in older people with cognitive impairment and dementia presenting to the accident and emergency department: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326(7380):73‐5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Shaw FE, Richardson DA, Dawson P, Steen IN, McKeith IG, Bond J, et al. Can multidisciplinary intervention prevent falls in patients with cognitive impairment and dementia attending a casualty department (abstract). Age and Ageing 2000;29(Suppl 1):47.
Shimada 2004 {published data only}
    1. Shimada H, Obuchi S, Furuna T, Suzuki T. New intervention program for preventing falls among frail elderly people: The effects of perturbed walking exercise using a bilateral separated treadmill. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004;83(7):493‐9. - PubMed
Shorr 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Shorr RI. RE: Information on number of patients. Email to: S. Dyer. 28 November 2016.
    1. Shorr RI, Chandler AM, Kessler LA, Miller ST, Waters TM, Daniels MJ, et al. Trial of proximity alarms to prevent patient falls in hospitals. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(Suppl S1):S103. [Abstract B80]
    1. Shorr RI, Chandler AM, Mion LC, Waters TM, Liu M, Daniels MJ, et al. Effects of an intervention to increase bed alarm use to prevent falls in hospitalized patients: a cluster randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2012;157(10):692‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Sihvonen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sihvonen S, Sipila S, Taskinen S, Era P. Fall incidence in frail older women after individualized visual feedback‐based balance training. Gerontology 2004;50(6):411‐6. - PubMed
    1. Sihvonen SE, Sipila S, Era PA. Changes in postural balance in frail elderly women during a 4‐week visual feedback training: a randomized controlled trial. Gerontology 2004;50(2):87‐95. - PubMed
Sitja Rabert 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT01375790. Whole‐body vibration training in older people (GERIAPLAT). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01375790 (first received 16 June 2011).
    1. Sitja‐Rabert M, Martinez‐Zapata MJ, Fort‐Vanmeerhaeghe A, Rey‐Abella F, Romero‐Rodriguez D, Bonfill X. Whole body vibration for older persons: an open randomized, multicentre, parallel, clinical trial. BMC Geriatrics 2011;11:89. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sitja‐Rabert M, Martinez‐Zapata MJ, Vanmeerhaeghe AF, Abella FR, Romero‐Rodriguez D, Bonfill X. Effects of a whole body vibration (WBV) exercise intervention for institutionalized older people: a randomized, multicentre, parallel, clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2015;16(2):125‐31. - PubMed
Stenvall 2007 {published data only}
    1. Berggren M, Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Gustafson Y. Evaluation of a fall‐prevention program in older people after femoral neck fracture: A one‐year follow‐up. Osteoporosis International 2008;19(6):801‐9. - PubMed
    1. Gustafson Y. Outcomes of hip fractures: Rehabilitation programmes: Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and Rehabilitation‐a prerequisite for successful treatment of people who have suffered a hip‐fracture. European Geriatric Medicine 2012;3(Suppl S1):S19.
    1. Lundström M, Olofsson B, Stenvall M, Karlsson S, Nyberg L, Englund U, et al. Postoperative delirium in old patients with femoral neck fracture: A randomized intervention study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. 2007;19(3):178‐86. - PubMed
    1. Stenvall M, Berggren M, Lundstrom M, Gustafson Y, Olofsson B. A multidisciplinary intervention program improved the outcome after hip fracture for people with dementia‐‐subgroup analyses of a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2012;54(3):e284‐e289. - PubMed
    1. Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Lundstrom M, Englund U, Borssen B, Svensson O, et al. A multidisciplinary, multifactorial intervention program reduces postoperative falls and injuries after femoral neck fracture. Osteoporosis International 2007;18(2):167‐75. - PMC - PubMed
Streim 2012 {published data only}
    1. NCT00076622. Medication treatment for depression in nursing home residents. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00076622 (first received 28 January 2004).
    1. Streim 2016. NCT00076622 ‐ Trial of antidepressant discontinuation in older residents of long term care facilities [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 3 November 2016.
    1. Streim JE, Di FilippoS, Ten HaveT, Mavandadi S, Weintraub D, Oslin D. Antidepressant discontinuation associated with cognitive decline in older adult residents of long‐term care facilities. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2012;20(Suppl 1):S148‐9.
Tideiksaar 1993 {published data only}
    1. Tideiksaar R, Feiner CF, Maby J. Falls prevention: the efficacy of a bed alarm system in an acute‐care setting. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 1993;60(6):522‐7. - PubMed
Toulotte 2003 {published data only}
    1. Toulotte C, Fabre C, Dangremont B, Lensel G, Thevenon A. Effects of physical training on the physical capacity of frail, demented patients with a history of falling: a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2003;32(1):67‐73. - PubMed
    1. Toulotte C, Fabre C, Dangremont B, Thevenon A. Prevention of falls by physical training in frail demented and faller elderly subjects [Prevention des chutes par l'entrainement chez des seniors dements et chuteurs]. Revue de Geriatrie 2003;28(3):221‐6.
Treacy 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Treacy 2016. Your trial ACTRN12611000412932 of balance circuit classes in hospital [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 14 October 2016. [ACTRN12611000412932]
    1. Treacy D, Schurr K, Lloyd B, Sherrington C. Additional standing balance circuit classes during inpatient rehabilitation improved balance outcomes: An assessor blinded randomised controlled trial. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom) 2015;101(Suppl 1):e1533‐e1534. - PubMed
    1. Treacy D, Schurr K, Lloyd B, Sherrington C. Additional standing balance circuit classes during inpatient rehabilitation improved balance outcomes: An assessor‐blinded randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2015;44(4):580‐6. - PubMed
    1. Treacy D, Schurr K, Sherrington C. Balance circuit classes to improve balance among rehabilitation inpatients: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2013;13:75. - PMC - PubMed
Tuunainen 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Tuunainen E, Jantti P, Pyykko I, Rasku J, Moisio‐Vilenius P, Makinen E, et al. Intervention to prevent falls in elderly adults living in a residential home. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2013;61(8):1426‐7. - PubMed
    1. Tuunainen E, Rasku J, Jantti P, Moisio‐Vilenius P, Makinen E, Toppila E, et al. Postural stability and quality of life after guided and self‐training among older adults residing in an institutional setting. Clinical Interventions In Aging 2013;8:1237‐46. - PMC - PubMed
Van de Ven 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ven G. RE: NTR 2314: Dementia‐care mapping in nursing homes: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 7 March 2017. [NTR 2314]
    1. Ven G, Draskovic I, Adang EM, Donders R, Zuidema SU, Koopmans RT, et al. Effects of dementia‐care mapping on residents and staff of care homes: a pragmatic cluster‐randomised controlled trial. PLOS One 2013;8(7):e67325. [PUBMED: 23844003] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ven G, Draskovic I, Adang EM, Donders RA, Post A, Zuidema SU, et al. Improving person‐centred care in nursing homes through dementia‐care mapping: design of a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2012;12:1. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-12-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ven G, Draskovic I, Herpen E, Koopmans RT, Donders R, Zuidema SU, et al. The economics of dementia‐care mapping in nursing homes: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial. PLOS One 2014;9(1):e86662. - PMC - PubMed
Van Gaal 2011a {published data only}
    1. NCT00365430. SAFE or SORRY? Patient safety study of the prevention of adverse patient outcomes. clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00365430 (accessed 11 March 2012).
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Hulscher ME, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Koopmans RT, et al. The design of the SAFE or SORRY? study: a cluster randomised trial on the development and testing of an evidence based inpatient safety program for the prevention of adverse events. BMC Health Services Research 2009;9:58. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Hulscher ME, Defloor T, et al. Fewer adverse events as a result of the SAFE or SORRY? programme in hospitals and nursing homes. part i: primary outcome of a cluster randomised trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(9):1040‐8. - PubMed
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Koopmans RT, Achterberg T. The SAFE or SORRY? programme. part II: effect on preventive care. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(9):1049‐57. - PubMed
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Vloet LC, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Koopmans RT, et al. The effect of the SAFE or SORRY? programme on patient safety knowledge of nurses in hospitals and nursing homes: a cluster randomised trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2010;47(9):1117‐25. - PubMed
Van Gaal 2011b {published data only}
    1. NCT00365430. SAFE or SORRY? Patient safety study of the prevention of adverse patient outcomes. clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00365430 (accessed 11 March 2012).
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Hulscher ME, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Koopmans RT, et al. The design of the SAFE or SORRY? study: a cluster randomised trial on the development and testing of an evidence based inpatient safety program for the prevention of adverse events. BMC Health Services Research 2009;9:58. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Hulscher ME, Defloor T, et al. Fewer adverse events as a result of the SAFE or SORRY? programme in hospitals and nursing homes. part i: primary outcome of a cluster randomised trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(9):1040‐8. - PubMed
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Koopmans RT, Achterberg T. The SAFE or SORRY? programme. part II: effect on preventive care. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(9):1049‐57. - PubMed
    1. Gaal BG, Schoonhoven L, Vloet LC, Mintjes JA, Borm GF, Koopmans RT, et al. The effect of the SAFE or SORRY? programme on patient safety knowledge of nurses in hospitals and nursing homes: a cluster randomised trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2010;47(9):1117‐25. - PubMed
Van het Reve 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. het Reve E. AW: Strength‐balance supplemented with computerized cognitive training to improve dual task gait and divided attention in older adults: a multicenter randomized‐controlled trial [personal communication]. Email to: C Panagoda 11 September 2016. - PMC - PubMed
    1. het Reve E, Bruin ED. Strength‐balance supplemented with computerized cognitive training to improve dual task gait and divided attention in older adults: a multicenter randomized‐controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2014;14:134. - PMC - PubMed
Wald 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wald HL, Glasheen JJ, Guerrasio J, Youngwerth JM, Cumbler EU. Evaluation of a hospitalist‐run acute care for the elderly service. Journal of Hospital Medicine (Online) 2011;6(6):313‐21. - PubMed
Walker 2015 {published data only}
    1. Logan PA, Walker G, Gladman JR, Robertson K, Ward M, Armstrong S, et al. A feasibility study of a cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate a falls prevention intervention in care homes for older people. European Geriatric Medicine 2014;5(Suppl 1):s240. [Abstract P497]
    1. Walker GM, Armstrong S, Gordon AL, Gladman J, Robertson K, Ward M, et al. The Falls In Care Home study: A feasibility randomized controlled trial of the use of a risk assessment and decision support tool to prevent falls in care homes. Clinical Rehabilitation 2016;30(10):972‐83. Epub 2015 Sep 18. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215515604672] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ward 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ward JA, Harden M, Gibson RE, Byles JE. A cluster randomised controlled trial to prevent injury due to falls in a residential aged care population. Medical Journal of Australia 2010;192(6):319‐22. - PubMed
Whitney 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. ISRCTN00695885, King's College, Hospital. PROF‐COG prevention of falls in older people with cognitive impairment. isrctn.com/ISRCTN00695885 (first received 26 March 2013).
    1. Whitney J. RE: PROF‐COG trial ISRCTN00695885 [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer 10 October 2016.
    1. Whitney J, Jackson SH, Martin FC. Feasibility and efficacy of a multi‐factorial intervention to prevent falls in older adults with cognitive impairment living in residential care (ProF‐Cog). A feasibility and pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2017;17(1):115. [PUBMED: 28558714] - PMC - PubMed
Wolf 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wolf K‐H. Re: Trial "Development and pilot study of a bed‐exit alarm based on a body‐worn accelerometer". Email to: S Dyer 9 November 2016. - PubMed
    1. Wolf, K‐H, Hetzer K, zu Schwabedissen HM, Wiese B, Marschollek M. Development and pilot study of a bed‐exit alarm based on a body‐worn accelerometer. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie 2013;46(8):727‐33. - PubMed
Yokoi 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Yokoi H. Re: "short stick exercises for fall prevention among older adults: a cluster randomised trial" [personal communication]. Email to: C Panagoda 19 July 2016. - PubMed
    1. Yokoi K, Yoshimasu K, Takemura S, Fukumoto J, Kurasawa S, Miyashita K. Short stick exercises for fall prevention among older adults: a cluster randomized trial. Disability & Rehabilitation 2015;37(14):1268‐76. - PubMed
Zermansky 2006 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN45416155. Can a review of the medication of elderly nursing and residential home patients improve the quality of prescribing and residents' outcomes?. controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN45416155 (accessed 04 April 2012).
    1. Zermansky AG, Alldred DP, Petty DR, Raynor DK, Freemantle NE, Eastaugh J, et al. Clinical medication review by a pharmacist of elderly people living in care homes‐randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2006;35(6):586‐91. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Barreca 2004 {published data only}
    1. Barreca S, Sigouin CS, Lambert C, Ansley BA. Effects of extra training on the ability of stroke survivors to perform an independent sit‐to‐stand: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2004;27(2):59‐68.
Bernhardt 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Thrift A, Collier J, Donnan G. A very early rehabilitation trial for stroke (AVERT): phase II safety and feasibility. Stroke 2008;39(2):390‐6. - PubMed
Bosner 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bosner S, Keller H, Wohner A, Wohner C, Sonnichsen A, Baum E, et al. Prevention of falls by outdoor‐walking in elderly persons at risk ("power") ‐ A pilot study. European Geriatric Medicine 2012;3(1):28‐32.
Bouwen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bouwen A, Lepeleire J, Buntinx F. Rate of accidental falls in institutionalised older people with and without cognitive impairment halved as a result of a staff‐orientated intervention. Age and Ageing 2008;37:306‐10. - PubMed
Capezuti 1998 {published data only}
    1. Capezuti E. The relationship between physical restraint removal and fall‐related incidents and injuries among nursing home residents [thesis]. Pittsburgh (PA): Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1995.
    1. Capezuti E, Evans L, Strumpf N, Maislin G. Physical restraint use and falls in nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(6):627‐33. - PubMed
    1. Capezuti E, Maislin G, Strumpf N, Evans LK. Side rail use and bed‐related fall outcomes among nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(1):90‐6. - PubMed
    1. Capezuti E, Strumpf N, Evans L, Maislin G. Outcomes of nighttime physical restraint removal for severely impaired nursing home residents. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 1999;14(3):157‐64.
    1. Capezuti E, Strumpf NE, Evans LK, Grisso JA, Maislin G. The relationship between physical restraint removal and falls and injuries among nursing home residents. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1998;53(1):M47‐52. - PubMed
Crotty 2002 {published data only}
    1. Crotty M, Whitehead CH, Gray S, Finucane PM. Early discharge and home rehabilitation after hip fracture achieves functional improvements: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;16(4):406‐13. - PubMed
Cucca 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cucca A, Migdadi H, Son AY, Gallo EC, Fisher SJ, Agarwal S, et al. Feasibility and safety of combining rtms with physical therapy: Preliminary data in Parkinson's disease. Brain Stimulation 2017; Vol. 10, issue 4:e63‐4. [1876‐4754]
Cummings 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cummings J, Lyketsos CG, Tariot P, Peskind E, Nguyen U, Knowles N, et al. Dextromethorphan/quinidine (AVP‐923) efficacy and safety for treatment of agitation in persons with Alzheimer's disease: Results from a phase 2 study (NCT01584440). American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2015;23(Supplement 3):S165. [Conference Abstract 201512]
Dattalo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Dattalo M, Ford J, Kedrowski K, Mahoney J. Bringing healthy aging to scale: Will quality improvement coaching facilitate the dissemination of evidence‐based health promotion programs to rural communities?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2015;63(Suppl 1):S134.
Davison 2005 {published data only}
    1. Davison J, Bond J, Dawson P, Steen IN, Kenny RA. Patients with recurrent falls attending Accident & Emergency benefit from multifactorial intervention ‐ a randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2005;34(2):162‐8. - PubMed
de Morton 2007 {published data only}
    1. Morton NA, Keating JL, Berlowitz DJ, Jackson B, Lim WK. Additional exercise does not change hospital or patient outcomes in older medical patients: a controlled clinical trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2007;53(2):105‐11. - PubMed
de Souto 2016 {published data only}
    1. Souto Barreto P, Denormandie P, Lepage B, Armaingaud D, Rapp T, Chauvin P, et al. Effects of a long‐term exercise programme on functional ability in people with dementia living in nursing homes: Research protocol of the LEDEN study, a cluster randomised controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016; Vol. 47:289‐95. [1559‐2030] - PubMed
de Souto 2017 {published data only}
    1. Souto Barreto P, Cesari M, Denormandie P, Armaingaud D, Vellas B, Rolland Y. Exercise or social intervention for nursing home residents with dementia: a pilot randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2017; Vol. 65, issue 9:E123‐9. [0002‐8614: 1532‐5415] - PubMed
DeSure 2013 {published data only}
    1. DeSure AR, Peterson K, Gianan FV, Pang L. An exercise program to prevent falls in institutionalized elderly with cognitive deficits: a crossover pilot study. Hawaii Journal of Medicine & Public Health : A Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health 2013;72(11):391‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Donat 2007 {published data only}
    1. Donat H, Ozcan A. Comparison of the effectiveness of two programmes on older adults at risk of falling: unsupervised home exercise and supervised group exercise. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007;21(3):273‐83. - PubMed
Drahota 2013 {published data only}
    1. Drahota A, Gal D, Windsor J, Dixon S, Udell J, Ward D, et al. Pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of flooring to reduce injuries from falls in elderly care units: study protocol. Injury Prevention 2011;17(6):e7. - PubMed
    1. Drahota AK, Ward D, Udell JE, Soilemezi D, Ogollah R, Higgins B, et al. Pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of flooring to reduce injuries from falls in wards for older people. Age & Ageing 2013;42(5):633‐40. - PubMed
    1. NCT00817869. The HIP‐HOP flooring study: helping injury prevention in hospitalised older people. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00817869 (first received 6 January 2009).
Fiatarone 1994 {published data only}
    1. Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Doyle N, Clements KM, Roberts SB, Kehayias JJ, et al. The Boston FICSIT study: the effects of resistance training and nutritional supplementation on physical frailty in the oldest old. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993;41(3):333‐7. - PubMed
    1. Fiatarone MA, O'Neill EF, Ryan ND, Clements KM, Solares GR, Nelson ME, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. New England Journal of Medicine 1994;330(25):1769‐75. - PubMed
Forster 2017 {published data only}
    1. Forster A, Airlie J, Birch K, Cicero R, Cundill B, Ellwood A, et al. Research Exploring Physical Activity in Care Homes (REACH): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017; Vol. 18, issue 1:182. [1745‐6215] - PMC - PubMed
Fossey 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fossey J, Ballard C, Juszczak E, James I, Alder N, Jacoby R, et al. Effect of enhanced psychosocial care on antipsychotic use in nursing home residents with severe dementia: cluster randomised trial. BMJ 2006;332(7554):756‐61. - PMC - PubMed
Galik 2014 {published data only}
    1. Galik E, Resnick B, Hammersla M, Brightwater J. Optimizing function and physical activity among nursing home residents with dementia: testing the impact of function‐focused care. Gerontologist 2014;54(6):930‐43. - PubMed
Galik 2015 {published data only}
    1. Galik E, Resnick B, Lerner N, Hammersla M, Gruber‐Baldini AL. Function focused care for assisted living residents with dementia. Gerontologist 2015; Vol. 55:S13‐26. - PMC - PubMed
Gianturco 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gianturco V, Troisi G, Ripani M, Marigliano V. Impact of exoskeleton Human Body Posturizer on the fall risk in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial. European Geriatric Medicine 2013;4(Suppl 1):S46.
Ginde 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ginde AA, Blatchford P, Breese K, Zarrabi L, Linnebur SA, Wallace JI, et al. High‐dose monthly vitamin D for prevention of acute respiratory infection in older long‐term care residents: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2017; Vol. 65, issue 3:496‐503. - PMC - PubMed
Graafmans 1996 {published data only}
    1. Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Hofstee HM, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM, Lips P. Falls in the elderly: a prospective study of risk factors and risk profiles. American Journal of Epidemiology 1996;143(11):1129‐36. [PUBMED: 8633602] - PubMed
Grant 2005 {published data only}
    1. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, et al. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low‐trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo‐controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365(9471):1621‐8. - PubMed
Greenspan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Greenspan S, Ferchak M, Lee C, Nace D, Perera S, Resnick NM. Are the iom vitamin d guidelines sufficient for long term care residents?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2013;61(Suppl s1):S99.
Greenspan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Greenspan SL, Perera S, Ferchak MA, Nace DA, Resnick NM. Efficacy and safety of single‐dose zoledronic acid for osteoporosis in frail elderly women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2015;175(6):913‐21. - PMC - PubMed
Gruber‐Baldini 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gruber‐Baldini AL, Resnick B, Hebel JR, Galik E, Zimmerman S. Adverse events associated with the Res‐Care Intervention. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2011;12(8):584‐9. - PubMed
Gu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gu MO. personal communication May 22 2012.
    1. Gu MO, Jeon MY, Eun Y. The development & effect of a tailored falls prevention exercise for older adults [Korean]. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2006;36(2):341‐52. - PubMed
Hardin 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hardin SR. RE: FW: "Inpatient Fall Prevention: Use of In‐room Webcams" [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 28 June 2016.
    1. Hardin SR, Dienemann J, Rudisill P, Mills KK. Inpatient fall prevention: use of in‐room Webcams. Journal of Patient Safety 2013;9(1):29‐35. - PubMed
Harwood 2004 {published data only}
    1. Harwood RH, Sahota O, Gaynor K, Masud T, Hosking DJ. A randomised, controlled comparison of different calcium and vitamin D supplementation regimens in elderly women after hip fracture: The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study. Age and Ageing 2004;33(1):45‐51. - PubMed
Hauer 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hauer K, Pfisterer M, Schuler M, Bartsch P, Oster P. Two years later: a prospective long‐term follow‐up of a training intervention in geriatric patients with a history of severe falls. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84(10):1426‐32. - PubMed
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    1. Heiberg KE, Bruun‐Olsen V, Bergland A. The effects of habitual functional training on physical functioning in patients after hip fracture: the protocol of the HIPFRAC study. BMC Geriatrics 2017; Vol. 17, issue 1:23. [1471‐2318] - PMC - PubMed
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Hopman‐Rock 1999 {published data only}
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Il'nitskii 2014 {published data only}
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    1. Ilfeld BM, Loland VJ, Donovan JF, Le LT, Mariano ER. A multicenter, randomized, triple‐masked, placebo‐controlled trial of the effect of ambulatory continuous femoral nerve blocks on discharge‐readiness following total knee arthroplasty in patients on general orthopaedic wards. Regional Anesthesia and Pain MedicineConference: 2010;35th Annual Regional Anesthesia Meeting and Workshops, ASRA10 Toronto, ON Canada(var.pagings):Conference‐October. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Jarret G, Orpanna A, Helbostad J. Can a three weeks program in a rehabilitation center improve balance in elderly people? A randomized clinical controlled trial. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom) 2015;101(Suppl 1):eS671‐2.
Jeon 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jeon YH, Simpson JM, Li Z, Cunich MM, Thomas TH, Chenoweth L, et al. Cluster randomized controlled trial of an aged care specific leadership and management program to improve work environment, staff turnover, and care quality. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2015;16(7):629‐e28. - PubMed
JPRN‐UMIN0000167 {published data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000016716. Effect of fall prevention education programs for patients in convalescent phase after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi‐open‐bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000019395 (first received 5 May 2015).
Kato 2006 {published data only}
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Katz 2004 {published data only}
    1. Katz IR, Jeste DV, Mintzer JE, Clyde C, Napolitano J, Brecher M. Comparison of risperidone and placebo for psychosis and behavioral disturbances associated with dementia: a randomized, double‐blind trial. Risperidone Study Group. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1999;60(2):107‐15. - PubMed
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Koczy 2011 {published data only}
    1. Branitzki S, Koczy P. ReduFix ‐ a study of reducing physical restraint: preventing risk of injury [ReduFix ‐ Eine Studie zur Reduktion von körpernaher Fixierung: Heimbewohner vor Schaden bewahren]. Pflege Zeitschrift 2005;58(5):310‐3. - PubMed
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Kopke 2012 {published data only}
    1. Haut A, Kopke S, Gerlach A, Muhlhauser I, Haastert B, Meyer G. Evaluation of an evidence‐based guidance on the reduction of physical restraints in nursing homes: a cluster‐randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN34974819]. BMC Geriatrics 2009;9:42. - PMC - PubMed
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Kwok 2006 {published data only}
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Lackner 2008 {published data only}
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Mailhot 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Mailhot T. RE: MENTOR_D trial [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 20 April 2016.
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Mak 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mak JC, Klein LA, Finnegan T, Mason RS, Cameron ID. An initial loading‐dose vitamin D versus placebo after hip fracture surgery: baseline characteristics of a randomized controlled trial (REVITAHIP). BMC Geriatrics 2014;14:101. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-14-101] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Mansfield 2015 {published data only}
    1. Mansfield A, Wong JS, Bryce J, Brunton K, Inness EL, Knorr S, et al. Use of accelerometer‐based feedback of walking activity for appraising progress with walking‐related goals in inpatient stroke rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2015;29(9):847‐57. - PubMed
McRae 1996 {published data only}
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NCT00973297 {published data only}
    1. NCT00973297. A targeted falls prevention program in rehabilitation in‐patients. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00973297 (first received 25 August 2009).
NCT01054287 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT01054287. Falls prevention in acute care hospital PRECEPT. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01054287 (first received 21 January 2010).
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NCT01523600 {published data only}
    1. NCT01523600. Whole body vibration training among older people using sheltered housing. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01523600 (first received 27 January 2012).
NCT01618786 {published data only}
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NCT02686515 {published data only}
    1. Chang Gung University, Mackay Memorial Hospital. Comparative effectiveness research of dual‐task and single‐task balance training in people with stroke [NCT02686515]. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02686515 (first received 16 February 2016). [NCT02686515]
Nyaruhirira 2013 {published data only}
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Ouslander 2005 {published data only}
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Pedreira 2014 {published data only}
    1. Pedreira ÉMD. Use of virtual reality games for the treatment of balance and reducing the occurrence of falls in patients after stroke. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02475083 (first received 12 June 2015).
Peng 2014 {published data only}
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Sato 2005b {published data only}
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Sato 2011 {published data only}
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Schwendimann 2006 {published data only}
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Siddiqi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Heaven, A, Cheater F, Clegg A, Collinson M, Farrin A, Forster A, et al. Pilot trial of Stop Delirium! (PiTStop)‐‐a complex intervention to prevent delirium in care homes for older people: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2014;15:47. - PMC - PubMed
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Sjoberg 2013 {published data only}
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Tariot 2005 {published data only}
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van Ooijen 2013 {published and unpublished data}
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    1. ACTRN12617000981325. Effectiveness of an Ambient Intelligence Geriatric Management system (AmbIGeM) to prevent falls in older people in hospitals: the AmbIGeM stepped wedge pragmatic trial. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12617000981325.aspx (first received 7 July 2017). - PubMed
Von Koch 2001 {published data only}
    1. Thorsen AM, Widen Holmqvist L, Pedro‐Cuesta J, Koch L. A randomized controlled trial of early supported discharge and continued rehabilitation at home after stroke: five‐year follow‐up of patient outcome. Stroke 2005;36(2):297‐303. - PubMed
    1. Thorsen AM, Widen Holmqvist L, Koch L. Early supported discharge and continued rehabilitation at home after stroke: 5‐year follow‐up of resource use. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006;15(4):139‐43. - PubMed
    1. Widen Holmqvist L, Koch L, Kostulas V, Holm M, Widsell G, Tegler H, et al. A randomized controlled trial of rehabilitation at home after stroke in southwest Stockholm. Stroke 1998;29:591‐7. - PubMed
    1. Koch L, Pedro‐Cuesta J, Kostulas V, Almazan J, Widen Holmqvist L. Randomized controlled trial of rehabilitation at home after stroke: one‐year follow‐up of patient outcome, resource use and cost. Cerebrovascular Disease 2001;12(2):131‐8. - PubMed
    1. Koch L, Widen Holmqvist L, Kostulas V, Almazan J, Pedro‐Cuesta J. A randomized controlled trial of rehabilitation at home after stroke in Southwest Stockholm: outcome at six months. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2000;32(2):80‐6. - PubMed
Wolf 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sattin RW, Easley KA, Wolf SL, Chen Y, Kutner MH. Reduction in fear of falling through intense tai chi exercise training in older, transitionally frail adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(7):1168‐78. - PubMed
    1. Wolf SL, O'Grady M. The influence of intense Tai Chi training on physical performance and hemodynamic outcomes in transitionally frail, older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2006;61(2):184‐9. - PubMed
    1. Wolf SL, Sattin RW, Kutner M, O'Grady M, Greenspan AI, Gregor RJ. Intense Tai Chi exercise training and falls occurrences in older, transitionally frail adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51:1693‐1701. - PubMed
    1. Wolf SL, Sattin RW, O'Grady M, Freret N, Ricci L, Greenspan AI, et al. A study design to investigate the effect of intense Tai Chi in reducing falls among older adults transitioning to frailty. Controlled Clinical Trials 2001;22(6):689‐704. - PubMed
Zhong 2007 {published data only}
    1. Zhong KX, Tariot PN, Mintzer J, Minkwitz MC, Devine NA. Quetiapine to treat agitation in dementia: a randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled study. Current Alzheimers Research 2007;4(1):81‐93. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Dever 2016 {published data only}
    1. Dever Fitzgerald T, Hadjistavropoulos T, Williams J, Lix L, Zahir S, Alfano D, et al. The impact of fall risk assessment on nurse fears, patient falls, and functional ability in long‐term care. Disability and Rehabilitation 2016; Vol. 38, issue 11:1041‐52. - PubMed
Frohnhofen 2013 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Frohnhofen H, Schlitzer J, Wehling M. Pharmacotherapy and frequency of inhospital falls among geriatric patients. Osteoporosis International.Conference: European Congress on Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis, ESCEO13‐IOF Rome Italy.Conference Start: 2013;24(1 Suppl):P590.
Hewitt 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hewitt J, Goodall S, Clemson L, Henwood T, Refshauge K. Progressive resistance and balance training for falls Prevention in long‐term residential aged care: A cluster randomized trial of the SUNBEAM program. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2018;19(4):361‐9. [PUBMED: 29402651] - PubMed
    1. Hewitt J, Refshauge KM, Goodall S, Henwood T, Clemson L. Does progressive resistance and balance exercise reduce falls in residential aged care? Randomized controlled trial protocol for the SUNBEAM program. Clinical Interventions In Aging 2014;9:369‐76. - PMC - PubMed
MacRitchie 2001 {published data only}
    1. MacRitchie RF. Reducing the incidence of falls among elderly nursing home residents: An evaluation of an ameliorative pilot program [thesis]. Dublin, USA: Southern Connecticut State Univ, 2001. [CENTRAL: CN‐00691333]
Raymond 2017 {published data only}
    1. Raymond MJ, Jeffs KJ, Winter A, Soh SE, Hunter P, Holland AE. The effects of a high‐intensity functional exercise group on clinical outcomes in hospitalised older adults: an assessor‐blinded, randomised‐controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2017; Vol. 46, issue 2:208‐13. - PubMed
Tallon 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tallon G, Ramdani S, Jaussent A, Decker L, Bernard PL, Blain H. Effect of whole‐body‐vibration training in institutionalized older adults. European Geriatric Medicine 2013;4(Suppl 1):S55.
Van der Linden 2017 {published data only}
    1. Linden L. Reduction of inappropriate prescribing in older persons using the RASP list: A cluster‐randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 2014; Vol. 21:A212.
    1. Linden L, Decoutere L, Walgraeve K, Milisen K, Flamaing J, Spriet I, et al. combined use of the rationalization of home medication by an adjusted STOPP in older patients (RASP) list and a pharmacist‐led medication review in very old inpatients: impact on quality of prescribing and clinical outcome. Drugs and Aging 2017; Vol. 34, issue 2:123‐33. - PubMed
Wylie 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02178527. Podiatry Intervention to Reduce Falls in Elderly Care Trial (PIRFECT). ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02178527 (first received 17 June 2014). [N. H.S.Tayside; University of Stirling; La Trobe University; University of Toronto; Uniersity of Dundee]
    1. Wylie G, Menz HB, McFarlane S, Ogston S, Sullivan F, Williams B, et al. Podiatry intervention versus usual care to prevent falls in care homes: pilot randomised controlled trial (the PIRFECT study). BMC Geriatrics 2017; Vol. 17, issue 1:143. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12613000228785 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000228785. Preventing falls and fractures in low‐level aged‐care residents by increasing dairy food intake by two serves per day. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12613000228785.aspx (first received 20 February 2013).
ACTRN12615000817549 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000817549. Establishing the effectiveness, cost‐effectiveness and student experience of simulation training for the prevention of falls amongst hospitalised inpatients. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12615000817549.aspx (first received 27 July 2015).
    1. Williams C, Bowles KA, Kiegaldie D, Maloney S, Nestel D, Kaplonyi J, et al. Establishing the effectiveness, cost‐effectiveness and student experience of a Simulation‐based education Training program On the Prevention of Falls (STOP‐Falls) among hospitalised inpatients: A protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2016; Vol. 6, issue 6:e010192. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010192.] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
ACTRN12617000314325 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12617000314325. Does abbreviating patient falls risk screening in documentation impact on falls in hospital inpatients: A stepped wedge cluster randomised control trial. https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=1261... (first received 21 February 2017).
Dal Bello‐Haas 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dal Bello‐Haas VP, Thorpe LU, Lix LM, Scudds R, Hadjistavropoulos T. The effects of a long‐term care walking program on balance, falls and well‐being. BMC Geriatrics 2012;12:76. - PMC - PubMed
Hassett 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hassett L, Berg M, Lindley RI, Crotty M, McCluskey A, Ploeg HP, et al. Effect of affordable technology on physical activity levels and mobility outcomes in rehabilitation: A protocol for the Activity and MObility UsiNg Technology (AMOUNT) rehabilitation trial. BMJ Open 2016; Vol. 6, issue 6:e012074. - PMC - PubMed
ISRCTN34353836 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN34353836. Finch: Falls in care homes study. http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN34353836 (first received 22 March 2016).
ISRCTN42003273 {published data only}
    1. Loffler C, Drewelow E, Paschka SD, Frankenstein M, Eger J, Jatsch L, et al. Optimizing polypharmacy among elderly hospital patients with chronic diseases‐‐study protocol of the cluster randomized controlled POLITE‐RCT trial. Implementation Science 2014;9:151. - PMC - PubMed
JPRN‐UMIN000000555 {published data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000000555. The effects of whole body vibration for the prevention of falls in elderly. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN‐UMIN000000555 (first received 25 December 2006).
JPRN‐UMIN000008361 {published data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000008361. Multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo controlled, parallel group trial to evaluate the effect of Vitamin D supplementation for fall prevention. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN‐UMIN000008361 (first received 6 July 2012).
McCullagh 2016 {published data only}
    1. McCullagh R, O'Connell E, O'Meara S, Perry I, Fitzgerald A, O'Connor K, et al. A study protocol of a randomised controlled trial to measure the effects of an augmented prescribed exercise programme (APEP) for frail older medical patients in the acute setting. BMC Geriatrics 2016; Vol. 16:79. - PMC - PubMed
Mestres 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mestres Gonzalvo C, Wit HA, Oijen BP, Hurkens KP, Janknegt R, Schols JM, et al. Supporting clinical rules engine in the adjustment of medication (SCREAM): protocol of a multicentre, prospective, randomised study. BMC Geriatrics 2017; Vol. 17, issue 1:35. - PMC - PubMed
Mudge 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mudge AM, Banks MD, Barnett AG, Blackberry I, Graves N, Green T, et al. CHERISH (collaboration for hospitalised elders reducing the impact of stays in hospital): protocol for a multi‐site improvement program to reduce geriatric syndromes in older inpatients. BMC Geriatrics 2017; Vol. 17, issue 1:11. - PMC - PubMed
NCT00636675 {published data only}
    1. Anderson RA, Corazzini K, Porter K, Daily K, McDaniel RR, Colón‐Emeric C. CONNECT for quality: protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial to improve fall prevention in nursing homes. Implementation Science 2012;7(1):11. [DOI: 10.1186/1748-5908-7-11] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00636675. CONNECT for Quality: A Study to Reduce Falls in Nursing Homes (CONNECT). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00636675 (first received 14 March 2008).
NCT01483456 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Grangier C, Mouchoux C, Pogam M, Toulouze B, Colin C, Krolak‐Salmon P. A multidisciplinary program for preventing falls "identify, prevent and get up": Impact on falls in elderly inpatients. European Geriatric Medicine. 7th Congress of the European Union Geriatric Society (EUGMS); 2011 Sept 28‐30; Malaga, Spain. 2011. [Conference abstract 201200]
    1. Mouchoux C. NCT01483456 "Impact of multidisciplinary program on falls in elderly inpatients (IPR)" [personal communication]. Email to: S Dyer. 29 June 2016.
    1. NCT01483456. Impact of multidisciplinary program on falls in elderly inpatients (IPR). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01483456 (first received 21 July 2007).
NCT01551121 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT01551121. Assessment of an automated telesurveillance system on the incidence of serious falls in nursing homes (TELEHPAD). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01551121 (first received 12 March 2012).
NCT01561872 {published data only}
    1. NCT01561872. Assessment of an automated telesurveillance system on serious falls prevention in an elderly suffering from dementia specialized care unit: the URCC (GET‐BETTER). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01561872 (first received 21 March 2012).
    1. Saulnier I, Lachal F, Tchalla A, Trimouillas J, Gourdeau‐Nauche F, Bernard‐Bourzeix L, et al. Assessment of an automated tele vigilance system on serious falls prevention in a dementia specialized care unit: The URCC. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2012;16(9):865. [Abstract P80]
NCT01735682 {published data only}
    1. NCT01735682. Whole body vibration exercise training for institutionalized elderly. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01735682 (first received 20 November 2012). [The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shatin Hospital Hong Kong]
NCT01876095 {published data only}
    1. NCT01876095. Discontinuing inappropriate medication in nursing home residents. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01876095 (first received 10 June 2013).
    1. Wouters H, Quik EH, Boersma F, Nygard P, Bosman J, Bottger WM, et al. Discontinuing inappropriate medication in nursing home residents (DIM‐NHR Study): protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2014;4(10):e006082. - PMC - PubMed
NCT02295462 {published data only}
    1. NCT02295462. Effect of person‐centred‐care on antipsychotic drug use in nursing homes: a cluster‐randomised trial. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02295462 (first received 12 November 2014).
NCT02570945 {published data only}
    1. NCT02570945. Trial of a pharmacist‐physician intervention model to reduce high‐risk drug use by hospitalised elderly patients. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02570945 (first received 25 September 2015).
NCT02604056 {published data only}
    1. NCT02604056. Pragmatic cluster trial for nursing home antipsychotic prescribing. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02604056 (first received 5 November 2015).
NCT02702037 {published data only}
    1. NCT02702037. Older person's exercise and nutrition study. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02702037 (first received 26 February 2016).
NCT02714257 {published data only}
    1. NCT02714257. Seniors avoiding falls through exercise study. https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02714257 (first received 22 February 2016).
NCT02714582 {published data only}
    1. NCT02714582. Feasibility, appropriateness, meaningfulness and effectiveness of bedside shift reporting. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02714582 (first received 29 February 2016).
NCT02757131 {published data only}
    1. NCT02757131. Dedicated ambulator‐assisted physical activity to improve hospital outcome measures in elderly patients. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02757131 (first received 29 April 2016).
NCT02969343 {published data only}
    1. NCT02969343. Patient safety learning laboratory: making acute care more patient‐centered. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02969343 (first received 21 November 2016).
NCT03014570 {published data only}
    1. NCT03014570. Testing implementation of EIT‐4‐BPSD. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03014570 (first received 9 January 2017).
NCT03019211 {published data only}
    1. NCT03019211. Feasibility aquatic physical exercise to reduce falls in institutionalized elderly. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03019211 (first received 12 January 2017).
NCT03192384 {published data only}
    1. NCT03192384. A service intervention to reduce falls in hospital. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03192384 (first received 20 June 2017).
NTR5015 {published data only}
    1. NTR5015. Prevention of falling. www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=5015 (first received 22 December 2014).
Scheffers‐Barnhoorn 2017 {published data only}
    1. NTR5695. A randomised controlled trial to improve outcomes of hip fracture patients with fear of falling in geriatric rehabilitation. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=5695 (first received 7 March 2016).
    1. Scheffers‐Barnhoorn MN, Haastregt JC, Schols JM, Kempen GI, Balen R, Visschedijk JH, et al. A multi‐component cognitive behavioural intervention for the treatment of fear of falling after hip fracture (FIT‐HIP): protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics 2017; Vol. 17, issue 1:71. - PMC - PubMed

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References to other published versions of this review

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