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Meta-Analysis
. 2018 Aug 22;8(8):CD006023.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006023.pub3.

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD)

Marinella Ruospo  1 , Suetonia C Palmer, Patrizia Natale, Jonathan C Craig, Mariacristina Vecchio, Grahame J Elder, Giovanni Fm Strippoli
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD)

Marinella Ruospo et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Phosphate binders are used to reduce positive phosphate balance and to lower serum phosphate levels for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with the aim to prevent progression of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). This is an update of a review first published in 2011.

Objectives: The aim of this review was to assess the benefits and harms of phosphate binders for people with CKD with particular reference to relevant biochemical end-points, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular morbidity, hospitalisation, and death.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 12 July 2018 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of adults with CKD of any GFR category comparing a phosphate binder to another phosphate binder, placebo or usual care to lower serum phosphate. Outcomes included all-cause and cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, adverse events, vascular calcification and bone fracture, and surrogates for such outcomes including serum phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and FGF23.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently selected studies for inclusion and extracted study data. We applied the Cochrane 'Risk of Bias' tool and used the GRADE process to assess evidence certainty. We estimated treatment effects using random-effects meta-analysis. Results were expressed as risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes together with 95% confidence intervals (CI) or mean differences (MD) or standardised MD (SMD) for continuous outcomes.

Main results: We included 104 studies involving 13,744 adults. Sixty-nine new studies were added to this 2018 update.Most placebo or usual care controlled studies were among participants with CKD G2 to G5 not requiring dialysis (15/25 studies involving 1467 participants) while most head to head studies involved participants with CKD G5D treated with dialysis (74/81 studies involving 10,364 participants). Overall, seven studies compared sevelamer with placebo or usual care (667 participants), seven compared lanthanum to placebo or usual care (515 participants), three compared iron to placebo or usual care (422 participants), and four compared calcium to placebo or usual care (278 participants). Thirty studies compared sevelamer to calcium (5424 participants), and fourteen studies compared lanthanum to calcium (1690 participants). No study compared iron-based binders to calcium. The remaining studies evaluated comparisons between sevelamer (hydrochloride or carbonate), sevelamer plus calcium, lanthanum, iron (ferric citrate, sucroferric oxyhydroxide, stabilised polynuclear iron(III)-oxyhydroxide), calcium (acetate, ketoglutarate, carbonate), bixalomer, colestilan, magnesium (carbonate), magnesium plus calcium, aluminium hydroxide, sucralfate, the inhibitor of phosphate absorption nicotinamide, placebo, or usual care without binder. In 82 studies, treatment was evaluated among adults with CKD G5D treated with haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, while in 22 studies, treatment was evaluated among participants with CKD G2 to G5. The duration of study follow-up ranged from 8 weeks to 36 months (median 3.7 months). The sample size ranged from 8 to 2103 participants (median 69). The mean age ranged between 42.6 and 68.9 years.Random sequence generation and allocation concealment were low risk in 25 and 15 studies, respectively. Twenty-seven studies reported low risk methods for blinding of participants, investigators, and outcome assessors. Thirty-one studies were at low risk of attrition bias and 69 studies were at low risk of selective reporting bias.In CKD G2 to G5, compared with placebo or usual care, sevelamer, lanthanum, iron and calcium-based phosphate binders had uncertain or inestimable effects on death (all causes), cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, fracture, or coronary artery calcification. Sevelamer may lead to constipation (RR 6.92, CI 2.24 to 21.4; low certainty) and lanthanum (RR 2.98, CI 1.21 to 7.30, moderate certainty) and iron-based binders (RR 2.66, CI 1.15 to 6.12, moderate certainty) probably increased constipation compared with placebo or usual care. Lanthanum may result in vomiting (RR 3.72, CI 1.36 to 10.18, low certainty). Iron-based binders probably result in diarrhoea (RR 2.81, CI 1.18 to 6.68, high certainty), while the risks of other adverse events for all binders were uncertain.In CKD G5D sevelamer may lead to lower death (all causes) (RR 0.53, CI 0.30 to 0.91, low certainty) and induce less hypercalcaemia (RR 0.30, CI 0.20 to 0.43, low certainty) when compared with calcium-based binders, and has uncertain or inestimable effects on cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, fracture, or coronary artery calcification. The finding of lower death with sevelamer compared with calcium was present when the analysis was restricted to studies at low risk of bias (RR 0.50, CI 0.32 to 0.77). In absolute terms, sevelamer may lower risk of death (all causes) from 210 per 1000 to 105 per 1000 over a follow-up of up to 36 months, compared to calcium-based binders. Compared with calcium-based binders, lanthanum had uncertain effects with respect to all-cause or cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, fracture, or coronary artery calcification and probably had reduced risks of treatment-related hypercalcaemia (RR 0.16, CI 0.06 to 0.43, low certainty). There were no head-to-head studies of iron-based binders compared with calcium. The paucity of placebo-controlled studies in CKD G5D has led to uncertainty about the effects of phosphate binders on patient-important outcomes compared with placebo.It is uncertain whether the effects of binders on clinically-relevant outcomes were different for patients who were and were not treated with dialysis in subgroup analyses.

Authors' conclusions: In studies of adults with CKD G5D treated with dialysis, sevelamer may lower death (all causes) compared to calcium-based binders and incur less treatment-related hypercalcaemia, while we found no clinically important benefits of any phosphate binder on cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, fracture or coronary artery calcification. The effects of binders on patient-important outcomes compared to placebo are uncertain. In patients with CKD G2 to G5, the effects of sevelamer, lanthanum, and iron-based phosphate binders on cardiovascular, vascular calcification, and bone outcomes compared to placebo or usual care, are also uncertain and they may incur constipation, while iron-based binders may lead to diarrhoea.

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Conflict of interest statement

  1. Nothing to declare

Figures

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Flow diagram.
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Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
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DCOR 2007 {published data only}
    1. Peter W, Liu J, Fan Q, Weinhandl E, Chronic Disease Research Group. DCOR Study: assessing impact of sevelamer vs calcium binders on hospitalization and morbidity in hemodialysis patients using CMS data [abstract no: TH‐PO846]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):287A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602069]
    1. Peter WL, Fan Q, Weinhandl E, Liu J. Economic evaluation of sevelamer versus calcium‐based phosphate binders in hemodialysis patients: a secondary analysis using centers for Medicare & Medicaid services data. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2009;4(12):1954‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. St.Peter W, Liu J, Fan Q, Weinhandl E, Chronic Disease Research Group. DCOR Study: assessing economic impact of sevelamer vs calcium binders on hospitalization and morbidity in hemodialysis patients using CMS data [abstract no: TH‐PO847]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):287A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602068]
Delmez 1996 {published data only}
    1. Delmez JA, Kelber J, Norwood KY, Giles KS, Slatopolsky E. The clinical evaluation of magnesium carbonate (MgCo3) as a phosphorous (P) binder in the suppression of secondary hyperparathyroidism [abstract]. ISN XIII International Congress of Nephrology; 1995 Jul 2‐6; Madrid, Spain. 1995:416.
    1. Delmez JA, Kelber J, Norword KY, Giles KS, Slatopolsky E. Magnesium carbonate as a phosphorus binder: a prospective, controlled, crossover study. Kidney International 1996;49(1):163‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Delmez 2007 {published data only}
    1. Delmez J, Block G, Bleyer A, Robertson J, Chasan‐Taber S, Dillon M, et al. A randomized, double‐blind cross‐over design study of sevelamer hydrochloride (SH, Renegel®) and sevelamer carbonate (SC) in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: 48]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2007;49(4):A36. [CENTRAL: CN‐00671791] - PubMed
    1. Delmez J, Block G, Bleyer A, Robertson J, Chasan‐Taber S, Dillon M, et al. Results of a randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over design study of sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel®) and sevelamer carbonate in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: SaP377]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi361. [CENTRAL: CN‐00671790] - PubMed
    1. Delmez J, Block G, Robertson J, Chasan‐Taber S, Blair A, Dillon M, et al. A randomized, double‐blind, crossover design study of sevelamer hydrochloride and sevelamer carbonate in patients on hemodialysis. Clinical Nephrology 2007;68(6):386‐91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
De Santo 2006 {published data only}
    1. Santo NG, Frangiosa A, Anastasio P, Marino A, Correale G, Perna A, et al. Sevelamer worsens metabolic acidosis in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Nephrology 2006;19 Suppl 9:S108‐14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Deuber 2004 {published data only}
    1. Deuber H. Effective reduction of serum phosphate by a calcium and magnesium containing phosphate binder without induction of hypermagnesemia [abstract no: W422]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):680‐1. [CENTRAL: CN‐00445085]
    1. Deuber HJ. Combined use of calcium acetate and magnesium carbonate as phosphate binder [Kombinierter einsatz von kalziumazetat und magnesiumkarbonat als orale phosphatbinder]. Nieren und Hochdruckkrankheiten 2004;33(8):403‐8. [EMBASE: 39150178]
Evenepoel 2009 {published data only}
    1. Evenepoel P, Selgas R, Caputo F, Foggensteiner L, Heaf JG, Ortiz A, et al. Efficacy and safety of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium acetate in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2009;24(1):278‐85. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Evenepoel P, Selgas R, Duggal A, Kelly A, Fan SL. Effects of sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel®) and calcium acetate on controlling serum phosphorus in peritoneal dialysis patients [abstract no: MP580]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006;21(Suppl 4):iv496. [CENTRAL: CN‐00671825] - PubMed
    1. Evenepoel P, Selgas R, Duggal A, Kelly AL, Fan SL. Comparative effects of sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel®) and calcium acetate on markers of mineral metabolism in peritoneal dialysis patients [abstract no: TH‐PO778]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):272A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00671824]
Evsanaa 2015 {published data only}
    1. Evsanaa B, Liu I, Aliazardeh B, Mahdavi S, Bajwa G, Gula J, et al. MgCaCO3 versus CaCO3 in peritoneal dialysis patients‐‐a cross‐over pilot trial. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2015;35(1):31‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ferreira 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ferreira A, Frazão JM, Monier‐Faugere MC, Gil C, Galvao J, Oliveira C, et al. Effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate on renal osteodystrophy in hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;19(2):405‐12. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fishbane 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fishbane S, Delmez J, Suki W, Hariachar S, Moe S, Heaton J. Sevelamer carbonate powder dosed once per day and sevelamer hydrochloride tablets dosed three times per day: a randomized, parallel, open‐label study in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: M621]. World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22‐26; Milan, Italy. 2009.
    1. Fishbane S, Delmez J, Suki WN, Hariachar S, Moe S. A randomized, parallel, open‐label study to compare once per day sevelamer carbonate powder dosing with three times per day sevelamer hydrochloride tablet dosing in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: PUB556]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):936A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00747271] - PubMed
    1. Fishbane S, Delmez J, Suki WN, Hariachar SK, Heaton J, Chasan‐Taber S, et al. A randomized, parallel, open‐label study to compare once‐daily sevelamer carbonate powder dosing with thrice‐daily sevelamer hydrochloride tablet dosing in CKD patients on hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2010;55(2):307‐15. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Floege 2014 {published data only}
    1. Covic A, Ketteler M, Rastogi A, Spinowitz B, Sprague SM, Botha J, et al. Comparison of safety profiles of PA21 and sevelamer carbonate in a post hoc analysis of a phase 3 study [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29(Suppl 3):iii153. [EMBASE: 71491873]
    1. Covic A, Ketteler M, Rastogi A, Spinowitz B, Sprague SM, Botha J, et al. Efficacy and safety of PA21 and sevelamer carbonate in haemodialysis patients with or without diabetes: a post hoc analysis of a phase 3 study [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29(Suppl 3):iii152. [EMBASE: 71491869]
    1. Covic AC, Floege J, Ketteler M, Sprague SM, Lisk L, Rakov V, et al. Iron‐related parameters in dialysis patients treated with sucroferric oxyhydroxide. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(8):1330‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Floege J, Botha J, Chong E, Sprague SM. PA21 does not interact with oral vitamin D receptor agonists: a post hoc analysis of a phase 3 study [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29(Suppl 3):iii157. [EMBASE: 71491885]
    1. Floege J, Covic A, Ketteler M, Rastogi A, Chong E, Lisk L, et al. Regional analysis of baseline characteristics in a phase 3 study of PA21, a novel iron‐based phosphate binder [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(Suppl 1):i155. [EMBASE: 71075446]
Foraster 1998 {published data only}
    1. Foraster A, Gonzalez MT, Carreras J, Prieto ML, Sampietro J, Bonnin R, et al. Calcium acetate. A good alternative to calcium carbonate for treating hyperphosphoremia in chronic hemodialysis patients with high risk of hypercalcemia [Acetato calcico. Una buena alternativa al carbonato calcico, como quelante del fosforo, en los pacientes en hemodialisis con riesgo de hipercalcemia]. Nefrologia 1998;18(4):296‐301. [EMBASE: 1998302471]
Fujii 2017 {published data only}
    1. Fujii H, Kono K, Goto S, Nakai K, Watanabe S, Watanabe K, et al. Effect of lanthanum carbonate on cardiac abnormalities in patients new to hemodialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(Suppl 3):iii645. [EMBASE: 617289957]
    1. Fujii H, Nakai K, Kono K, Goto S, Kitamura K, Yonekura Y, et al. Effect of lanthanum carbonate on coronary artery calcification during the early period after the initiation of haemodialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2016;31(Suppl 1):i252. [EMBASE: 72326579]
Fujimori 2017 {published data only}
    1. Fujimori A, Ohkawa S, Okada S, Mizobuchi N, Sakai M, Hasuike Y, et al. Comparison of the suppressive effects on fibroblast growth factor 23 between ferric citrate and lanthanum carbonate [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(Suppl 3):iii244‐5. [EMBASE: 617291229]
Gallieni 2005 {published data only}
    1. Gallieni M, Cicchetti T, Salvadori M, Sorba G, Stalteri A, Tarchini R, et al. Comparison of sevelamer HCL and calcium carbonate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients: a randomized clinical trial ‐ Calcium Carbonate Sevelamer Evaluation (CaCSE) study [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16:746A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00583853]
Greenberg 1994 {published data only}
    1. Greenberg S, Shapiro W, Poruch JG. Calcium acetate (aa) vs calcium carbonate (caco) as a phosphorus (p) binder (b) in CAPD patients (pts) [abstract]. ISN XIII International Congress of Nephrology; 1995 Jul 2‐6; Madrid, Spain. 1995:472. [CENTRAL: CN‐00509217]
    1. Greenberg S, Shapiro W, Porush JG. Calcium acetate (caa) vs calcium carbonate (caco) as a phosphorus (p) binder (b) in CAPD patients (pts) [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1994;5(3):492.
Hervas 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hervas JG, Prados D, Cerezo S. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia with sevelamer hydrochloride in hemodialysis patients: a comparison with calcium acetate. Kidney International ‐ Supplement 2003;85:69‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hutchison 2005 {published data only}
    1. Gill M, Webster I, Segars L. Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate, the novel phosphate binder, in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease [abstract]. Nephrology Nursing Journal 2004;31(2):141.
    1. Hutchison A, Lanthanum Study Group. Analysis of haematology data from over 2000 dialysis patients participating in clinical trials on the new phosphate binder, lanthanum carbonate [abstract no: SP219]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(Suppl 5):v92‐3.
    1. Hutchison A, Lanthanum Study Group. No adverse effects of haematological parameters during lanthanum carbonate treatment in over 2000 patients [abstract no: W‐PO40068]. Nephrology 2005;10(Suppl):A297.
    1. Hutchison A, SPD405‐301 Lanthanum Study Group. Long‐term safety, efficacy, and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate: results from a 3.5‐year study [abstract no: W‐PO40065]. Nephrology 2005;10(Suppl 1):A297.
    1. Hutchison A, Webster I. Lanthanum carbonate versus calcium carbonate: effect on parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels [abstract no: F‐PO656]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2003;14(Nov):205A.
INDEPENDENT‐CKD 2012 {published data only}
    1. Iorio B, Bellasi A, Pota A, Russo L, Russo D. Effect of phosphate binder therapy on mortality in pre‐dialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii127. [EMBASE: 70765659]
    1. Iorio B, Bellasi A, Russo D, INDEPENDENT Study Investigators. Mortality in kidney disease patients treated with phosphate binders: a randomized study.[Erratum appears in Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Aug;7(8):1370‐1]. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2012;7(3):487‐83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Ruggeri M, Cipriani F, Bellasi A, Russo D, Iorio B. Sevelamer is cost‐saving vs. calcium carbonate in non‐dialysis‐dependent CKD patients in Italy: a patient‐level cost‐effectiveness analysis of the INDEPENDENT study. Blood Purification 2014;37(4):316‐24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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INDEPENDENT‐HD 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bellasi A, Cozzolino M, Russo D, Molony D, Iorio B. Cinacalcet but not vitamin D use modulates the survival benefit associated with sevelamer in the INDEPENDENT study. Clinical Nephrology 2016;86(9):113‐24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Iorio BR, Cucciniello E, Bellizzi V. Vascular calcification and QT interval in incident hemodialysis patients.[Erratum appears in J Nephrol. 2010 Jan‐Feb;23(1):124], [Erratum appears in J Nephrol. 2013 Mar‐Apr;26(2):419]. Journal of Nephrology 2009;22(6):694‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Isakova 2013 {published data only}
    1. Isakova T, Barchi‐Chung A, Enfield G, Smith K, Vargas G, Houston J, et al. Effects of dietary phosphate restriction and phosphate binders on FGF23 Levels in CKD. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2013;8(6):1009‐18. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Itoh 2008 {published data only}
    1. Itoh K, Tanaka M, Hashiguchi J, Funakoshi S, Nakano H, Kubo H, et al. Comparison of sevelamer hydrochloride with colestimide, administered alone or in combination with calcium carbonate, in patients on hemodialysis. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2008;12(2):126‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Janssen 1995 {published data only}
    1. Janssen MJ, Kuy A, ter Wee PM, Boven WP. Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate and erythropoietin dosages in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(12):2321‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Janssen 1996 {published data only}
    1. Janssen MJ, Kuy A, ter Wee PM, Boven WP. Aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate and calcium acetate in chronic intermittent hemodialysis patients. Clinical Nephrology 1996;45(2):111‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jespersen 1991 {published data only}
    1. Jespersen B, Jensen JD, Nielsen HK, Lauridsen IN, Andersen MJ, Poulsen JH, et al. Comparison of calcium carbonate and aluminium hydroxide as phosphate binders on biochemical bone markers, PTH(1‐84), and bone mineral content in dialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1991;6(2):98‐104. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kakuta 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kakuta T, Hyodo T, Tanaka R, Miyamoto Y, Kanai G, Suzuki H, et al. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary calcification and serum pentosidine content (an AGE) by HPLC assay in haemodialysis patients [abstract no: SU‐PO569]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts Issue):708A.
    1. Kakuta T, Tanaka R, Hyodo T, Suzuki H, Kanai G, Nagaoka M, et al. Effect of sevelamer and calcium‐based phosphate binders on coronary artery calcification and accumulation of circulating advanced glycation end products in hemodialysis patients.[Erratum appears in Am J Kidney Dis. 2011 May;57(5):804]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2011;57(3):422‐31. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kasai 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kasai S, Sato K, Murata Y, Kinoshita Y. Randomized crossover study of the efficacy and safety of sevelamer hydrochloride and lanthanum carbonate in Japanese patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2012;16(4):341‐9. [EMBASE: 2012432570] - PubMed
Katopodis 2006 {published data only}
    1. Katopodis KP, Andrikos EK, Gouva CD, Bairaktari ET, Nikolopoulos PM, Takouli LK, et al. Sevelamer hydrochloride versus aluminum hydroxide: Effect on serum phosphorus and lipids in CAPD patients. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2006;26(3):320‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ko 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ko YS, Ryu JW, Lee JH, Yi JH, Han SW, Kim HJ. Efficacy of lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate in Korean dialysis patients. Korean Journal of Nephrology 2010;29(1):64‐72. [CENTRAL: CN‐01045527]
Koiwa 2017 {published data only}
    1. Koiwa F, Yokoyama K, Fukagawa M, Terao A, Akizawa T. Efficacy and safety of sucroferric oxyhydroxide compared with sevelamer hydrochloride in Japanese haemodialysis patients with hyperphosphataemia: a randomized, open‐label, multicentre, 12‐week phase III study. Nephrology 2017;22(4):293‐300. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lee YK, Choi HY, Shin SK, Lee HY. Effect of lanthanum carbonate on phosphate control in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients in Korea: a randomized prospective study. Clinical Nephrology 2013;79(2):136‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lee 2015b {published data only}
    1. Lee CT, Wu IW, Chiang SS, Peng YS, Shu KH, Wu MJ, et al. Effect of oral ferric citrate on serum phosphorus in hemodialysis patients: multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Journal of Nephrology 2015;28(1):105‐13. [EMBASE: 2015735302] - PubMed
Lemos 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lemos MM, Watanabe R, Carvalho AB, Jancikic AD, Sanches FM, Christofalo DM, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin and sevelamer on the progression of coronary artery calcification in chronic kidney disease: a pilot study. Clinical Nephrology 2013;80(1):1‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Liabeuf 2017 {published data only}
    1. Liabeuf S, Bennis Y, Romezin J, Ryckelynck J, Esper N, Urena P, et al. The impact of sevelamer on gut derived uremic toxins levels: results from a multicenter, double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(Suppl 3):iii199. [EMBASE: 617290697]
    1. Liabeuf S, Ryckelynck JP, Esper N, Urena P, Combe C, Dussol B, et al. Randomized clinical trial of sevelamer carbonate on serum klotho and fibroblast growth factor 23 in CKD. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2017;12(12):1930‐40. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lin YF, Chen YM, Hung KY, Chu TS, Kan WC, Huang CY, et al. Benefits of sevelamer on markers of bone turnover in Taiwanese hemodialysis patients. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2010;109(9):663‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Lin YF, Chien CT, Kan WC, Chen YM, Chu TS, Hung KY, et al. Pleiotropic effects of sevelamer beyond phosphate binding in end‐stage renal disease patients: a randomized, open‐label, parallel‐group study. Clinical Drug Investigation 2011;31(4):257‐67. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lin 2014a {published data only}
    1. Lin HH, Liou HH, Wu MS, Huang CC. Factors associated with serum fetuin‐A concentrations after long‐term use of different phosphate binders in hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrology 2016;17:33. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lin HH, Liou HH, Wu MS, Lin CY, Huang CC. Long‐term sevelamer treatment lowers serum fibroblast growth factor 23 accompanied with increasing serum Klotho levels in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrology 2014;19(11):672‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Liu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Huang C, Yu C, Liu Y. Effect of sevelamer on homocysteinemia and lipid profile in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis ‐ a randomized clinical trial [abstract no: F‐PO610]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16:467A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00756400]
    1. Liu YL, Lin HH, Yu CC, Kuo HL, Yang YF, Chou CY, et al. A comparison of sevelamer hydrochloride with calcium acetate on biomarkers of bone turnover in hemodialysis patients. Renal Failure 2006;28(8):701‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locatelli 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dimkovic N. A multi‐centre, double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled, multiple fixed‐dose study of colestilan (MCI‐196) versus placebo in chronic kidney disease stage 5 subjects on dialysis (CKD 5D) with hyperphosphataemia and dyslipidaemia (DL): safety results [abstract no: SAP575]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii503‐4. [EMBASE: 70766811]
    1. Locatelli F, Dimkovic N, Spasovski G. Evaluation of colestilan in chronic kidney disease dialysis patients with hyperphosphataemia and dyslipidaemia: a randomized, placebo‐controlled, multiple fixed‐dose trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(7):1874‐88. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locatelli 2014 {published data only}
    1. Locatelli F, Spasovski G, Dimkovic N, Wanner C, Dellanna F, Pontoriero G. The effects of colestilan versus placebo and sevelamer in patients with CKD 5D and hyperphosphataemia: a 1‐year prospective randomized study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29(5):1061‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Matsushima 2017 {published data only}
    1. Matsushima H, Yasuda T, Oyama A, Miyata M. Efficacy and safety of iron‐based phosphate binders, ferric citrate hydrate versus sucroferric oxyhydroxide, on hyperphosphatemia in chronic hemodialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(Suppl 3):iii679. [EMBASE: 617290946]
Navarro‐Gonzalez 2011 {published data only}
    1. Navarro‐Gonzalez JF, Mora‐Fernandez C, Muros de Fuentes M, Donate‐Correa J, Cazana‐Perez V, Garcia‐Perez J. Effect of phosphate binders on serum inflammatory profile, soluble CD14, and endotoxin levels in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2011;6(9):2272‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
NCT00542815 {published data only}
    1. NCT00542815. A study of MCI‐196 in chronic kidney disease stage V subjects on dialysis with hyperphosphatemia. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00542815 (first received 12 October 2007).
NICOREN 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lenglet A, Liabeuf S, Esper N, Brisset S, Mansour J, Lemaire‐Hurtel AS, et al. Efficacy and safety of nicotinamide in haemodialysis patients: the NICOREN study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(5):870‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ohtake 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ohtake T, Furuya R, Iwagami M, Tsutsumi D, Mochida Y, Ishioka K, et al. Lanthanum carbonate delays the progression of coronary artery calcification compared with calcium‐based phosphate binder in patients on hemodialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii229. [EMBASE: 70765964] - PubMed
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Pratt 2007 {published data only}
    1. Pratt R, Smyth M. Effective reduction of serum phosphorus using carbonate, with fewer tablets than sevelamer hydrochloride [abstract no: FP486]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi183.
PREFECT 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ureña‐Torres P, Prié D, Keddad K, Preston P, Wilde P, Wan H, et al. Changes in fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in normophosphatemic patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3 treated with lanthanum carbonate: results of the PREFECT study, a phase 2a, double blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. BMC Nephrology 2014;15:71. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Qunibi W, Winkelmayer WC, Solomon R, Moustafa M, Kessler P, Ho CH, et al. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of calcium acetate on serum phosphorus concentrations in patients with advanced non‐dialysis‐dependent chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrology 2011;12:9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Riccio 2018 {published data only}
    1. Riccio E, Sabbatini M, Bruzzese D, Grumetto L, Marchetiello C, Amicone M, et al. Plasma p‐cresol lowering effect of sevelamer in non‐dialysis CKD patients: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2018;22(3):529‐38. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Roxe 1989 {published data only}
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    1. Rudnicki M, Hyldstrup L, Petersen LJ, Hojsted J, Tranbol I. Effect of oral calcium on noninvasive indices of bone formation and bone mass in hemodialysis patients: a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled study. Mineral & Electrolyte Metabolism 1994;20(3):130‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Russo D, Miranda I, Ruocco C, Battaglia Y, Buonanno E, Manzi S, et al. The progression of coronary artery calcification in predialysis patients on calcium carbonate or sevelamer. Kidney International 2007;72(10):1255‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Sadek T, Mazouz H, Bahlou H, Oprisiu R, Esper N, Esper I, et al. Sevelamer hydrochloride with or without alphacalcidol or higher dialysate calcium vs calcium carbonate in dialysis patients: an open‐label, randomized study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(3):582‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Saif 2007 {published data only}
    1. Saif I, Halim A, Altaf A, Saif M, Khalid M, Ahmad D, et al. Comparison of calcium acetate with calcium carbonate as phosphate binder in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad: JAMC 2007;19(4):26‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Seifert 2013 {published data only}
    1. Seifert ME, las Fuentes L, Davila‐Roman VG, Hruska KA. Early intervention in the CKD‐MDB affects vascular function [abstract no: LB‐PO3163]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2011;22(Abstracts):7B.
    1. Seifert ME, las Fuentes L, Rothstein M, Dietzen DJ, Bierhals AJ, Cheng SC, et al. Effects of phosphate binder therapy on vascular stiffness in early‐stage chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Nephrology 2013;38(2):158‐67. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sezer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Sezer S, Karakan S, Acar NO. Sevelamer improves serum electrolyte profile, metabolic and cardiovascular markers and survival in ESRD patients on hemodialysis treatment [abstract no: Sa473]. NDT Plus 2010;3(Suppl 3):iii196. [EMBASE: 70483939]
Shahbazian 2011 {published data only}
    1. Shahbazian H, Zafar MA, Ghorbani A, Abbaspour MR, Belladi Musavi SS, Hayati F, et al. Oral nicotinamide reduces serum phosphorus, increases HDL, and induces thrombocytopenia in hemodialysis patients: a double‐blind randomized clinical trial. Nefrologia 2011;31(1):58‐65. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shaheen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Shaheen A, Akeel NM, Badawi LS, Souqiyyeh MZ. Efficacy and safety of sevelamer: comparison with calcium carbonate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients. Saudi Medical Journal 2004;25(6):785‐91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shibata 2007 {published data only}
    1. Shibata K, Iwamoto T, Murakami T, Hirawa S, Yasuda G, Toya Y, et al. A comparative study of the effects on pulse wave velocity (PWV) in hemodialysis (HD) patients treated by sevelamer with low dose calcium carbonate or calcium carbonate alone [abstract no: SAP245]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi245.
    1. Shibata K, Iwamoto T, Ono S, Murakami T, Yanagi M, Koguchi N, et al. A comparative study of the effects on pulse wave velocity (PWV) in hemodialysis (HD) patients treated by sevelamer with low dose calcium carbonate or calcium carbonate alone. Three‐years follow up [abstract no: SU500]. World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22‐26; Milan, Italy. 2009.
Shigematsu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Shigematsu T, Lanthanum Carbonate Group. Multicenter prospective randomized, double‐blind comparative study between lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate as phosphate binders in Japanese hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. Clinical Nephrology 2008;70(5):404‐10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
SLO‐NIACIN 2013 {published data only}
    1. Tan K, Vardesh D, Raman P, Petrie J. The SLO‐NIACIN trial: a double‐blind placebo controlled trial of low dose slow‐release niacin to lower phosphate in haemodialysis patients [abstract no: 010]. Nephrology 2013;18(Suppl 1):17.
Song 2014 {published data only}
    1. Song FR, Cheng H, Zhao DM, Yu J, Gao Y. Effects of lanthanum carbonate on serum calcium and phosphorus of CAPD patients with chronic renal failure receiving calcitriol pulse therapy due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Chinese Journal of Evidence‐Based Medicine 2014;14(6):651‐4. [EMBASE: 2014574871]
Soriano 2013 {published data only}
    1. Soriano S, Ojeda R, Rodriguez M, Almaden Y, Rodriguez M, Martin‐Malo A, et al. The effect of phosphate binders, calcium and lanthanum carbonate on FGF23 levels in chronic kidney disease patients. Clinical Nephrology 2013;80(1):17‐22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Spasovski 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sikole A, Spasovski G, Gelev S, Amitov V, Stojcev N, Grozdanovski R. Lanthanum carbonate ‐ a novel phosphate binder in maintenance dialysis patients [abstract no: SP228]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(Suppl 5):v95‐6.
    1. Sikole A, Spasovski G, Gelev S, Grozdanovski R, Amitov V, D'Haese P, et al. The use of lanthanum carbonate as a novel phosphate binder in maintenance dialysis patients [abstract no: M63]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(Suppl 12):67. [CENTRAL: CN‐00509481]
    1. Spasovski G, Sikole A, Gelev S, Grozdanovski R, Amitov V, D'Haese P, et al. The impact of lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate on renal bone disease in dialysis patients ‐ single center experience [abstract no: w436]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):685‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00447817]
    1. Spasovski G, Sikole A, Gelev S, Grozdanovski R, Amitov V, D'Haese PC, et al. The beneficial effect of lanthanum carbonate on low turnover bone disease in dialysis patients [abstract no: P40]. International Journal of Artificial Organs 2003;26(7):630. [CENTRAL: CN‐00583691]
    1. Spasovski G, Sikole A, Gelev S, Masin J, Freemont T, Webster I, et al. The evolution of renal bone disease in dialysis patients ‐ comparative effects of lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate treatment [abstract]. 41st Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2004 May 15‐18; Lisbon, Portugal. 2004:105‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00509488]
Spiegel 2007 {published data only}
    1. Spiegel DM, Farmer B. Long‐term effects of magnesium carbonate on coronary artery calcification and bone mineral density in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. Hemodialysis International 2009;13(4):453‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Spiegel DM, Farmer B, Chonchol M. Magnesium carbonate ‐ an effective phosphate binder [abstract no: 152]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2006;47(4):A56. [CENTRAL: CN‐00653706] - PubMed
    1. Spiegel DM, Farmer B, Smits G, Chonchol M. Magnesium carbonate is an effective phosphate binder for chronic hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2007;17(6):416‐22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sprague 2009a {published data only}
    1. Sprague S, Finn W, Abboud H, Qiu P, SPD405‐206 Study Investigators. Lanthanum carbonate reduces phosphate burden in patients with CKD stages 3 and 4: results from a randomized multicenter trial [abstract no: 252]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008;51(4):A90. [CENTRAL: CN‐00757113]
    1. Sprague SM, Abboud H, Qui P, Dauphin M, Zhang P, Finn W. Lanthanum carbonate reduces phosphorus burden in patients with CKD stages 3 and 4: a randomized trial. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2009;4(1):178‐85. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sprague SM, Finn WF, Qiu P, Study 206 Investigators. Hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4: findings from a randomized, multi‐center trial [abstract no: PUB442]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2007;18(Abstracts Issue):927A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00756891]
Takahara 2014 {published data only}
    1. Takahara Y, Matsuda Y, Takahashi S, Shigematsu T, Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group. Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate in pre‐dialysis CKD patients with hyperphosphatemia: a randomized trial. Clinical Nephrology 2014;82(3):181‐90. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tielmans 1990 {published data only}
    1. Tielmans C, Knoop C, Doutrelepont JM, Timmermans D, Even‐Adin D, Vanherweghem JL. Superiority of calcium acetate (ACET) over carbonate (CARB) to bind phosphorus (P) in hemodialysis patients (HDP) [abstract]. 11th International Congress of Nephrology; 1990 Jul 15‐20; Tokyo, Japan. 1990:219A.
Toida 2012 {published data only}
    1. Toida T, Fukudome K, Fujimoto S, Yamada K, Sato Y, Chiyotanda S, et al. Effect of lanthanum carbonate vs. calcium carbonate on serum calcium in hemodialysis patients: a crossover study. Clinical Nephrology 2012;78(3):216‐23. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Toussaint 2009 {published data only}
    1. Toussaint N, Lau K, Polkinghorne K, Kerr P. Attenuation of aortic calcification with lanthanum carbonate vs calcium‐based phosphate binders in haemodialysis ‐ a randomized controlled trial [abstract no: 167]. Nephrology 2010;15(Suppl 4):70. - PubMed
    1. Toussaint ND, Lau KK, Polkinghorne KR, Kerr PG. Attenuation of aortic calcification with lanthanum carbonate versus calcium‐based phosphate binders in haemodialysis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Nephrology 2011;16(3):290‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Toussaint ND, Lau KK, Strauss BJ, Polkinghorne KR, Kerr PG. Determination and validation of aortic calcification measurement from lateral bone densitometry in dialysis patients. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2009;4(1):119‐27. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tzanakis 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tzanakis IP, Stamataki EE, Papadaki AN, Giannakis N, Damianakis NE, Oreopoulos DG. Magnesium retards the progress of the arterial calcifications in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. International Urology & Nephrology 2014;46(11):2199‐205. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Vlassara 2012 {published data only}
    1. Vlassara H, Uribarri J, Cai W, Goodman S, Pyzik R, Post J, et al. Effects of sevelamer on HbA1c, inflammation, and advanced glycation end products in diabetic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2012;7(6):934‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yubero‐Serrano EM, Woodward M, Poretsky L, Vlassara H, Striker GE. Effects of sevelamer carbonate on advanced glycation end products and antioxidant/pro‐oxidant status in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2015;10(5):759‐66. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Wada 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wada K, Wada Y. Evaluation of aortic calcification with lanthanum carbonate vs. calcium‐based phosphate binders in maintenance hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an open‐label randomized controlled trial. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2014;18(4):353‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wang 2015b {published data only}
    1. Wang XH, Zhang X, Mu CJ, He Y, Peng QP, Yang GS, et al. Effects of lanthanum carbonate on vascular calcification in elderly maintenance hemodialysis patients. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical Sciences 2015;35(4):508‐13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yokoyama 2014 {published data only}
    1. Yokoyama K, Hirakata H, Akiba T, Fukagawa M, Nakayama M, Sawada K, et al. Ferric citrate hydrate for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in nondialysis‐dependent CKD. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2014;9(3):543‐52. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Yokoyama 2014a {published data only}
    1. Yokoyama K, Akiba T, Fukagawa M, Nakayama M, Sawada K, Kumagai Y, et al. A randomized trial of JTT‐751 versus sevelamer hydrochloride in patients on hemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29(5):1053‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Young 2009a {published data only}
    1. Young DO, Cheng SC, Delmez JA, Coyne DW. The effect of oral niacinamide on plasma phosphorus levels in peritoneal dialysis patients. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2009;29(5):562‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zhao 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zhao H, Wang J, Zhao DM, Dong YM, Gao Y. Efficacy of sevelamer carbonate for hyperphosphatemia in patients with end‐stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial. Chinese Journal of Evidence‐Based Medicine 2014;14(11):1293‐8. [EMBASE: 2014948885]
Zwiech 2011 {published data only}
    1. Zwiech R, Dryja P, Lacina D, Kroliczak V, Chrul S, Kacprzyk F. The influence of short‐term magnesium carbonate treatment on calcium‐phosphorus balance in dialysis patients [Wplyw krotkoterminowego leczenia weglanem magnezu na gospodarke wapniowo‐fosforanowa u chorych przewlekle hemodializowanych]. Wiadomosci Lekarskie 2011;64(1):9‐14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abraham 2012a {published data only}
    1. Abraham G, Kher V, Saxena S, Jayakumar M, Chafekar D, Pargaonkar P, et al. Sevelamer carbonate experience in Indian end stage renal disease patients. Indian Journal of Nephrology 2012;22(3):189‐92. [EMBASE: 2012450093] - PMC - PubMed
Ahmadi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ahmadi F, Shamekhi F, Lessan‐Pezeshki M, Khatami MR. Comparison of efficacy of the phosphate binders nicotinic acid and sevelamer hydrochloride in hemodialysis patients. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases & Transplantation 2012;23(5):934‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Akizawa 2014 {published data only}
    1. Akizawa T, Origasa H, Kameoka C, Kaneko Y, Kanoh H. Dose‐finding study of bixalomer in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis with hyperphosphatemia: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled and sevelamer hydrochloride‐controlled open‐label, parallel group study. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2014;18 Suppl 2:24‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Akizawa 2014b {published data only}
    1. Akizawa T, Tsuruta Y, Okada Y, Miyauchi Y, Suda A, Kasahara H, et al. Effect of chitosan chewing gum on reducing serum phosphorus in hemodialysis patients: a multi‐center, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. BMC Nephrology 2014;15:98. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Al‐Baaj 2005 {published data only}
    1. Al‐Baaj F, Hutchison AJ, UK Lanthanum Study Group. Lanthanum carbonate: a novel non‐calcaemic phosphate binder in dialysis patients [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2000;11(Sept):557A.
    1. Al‐Baaj F, Speake M, Hutchinson J. Control of serum phosphate by oral lanthanum carbonate in patients undergoing haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in a short‐term, placebo‐controlled study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(4):775‐82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hutchison AJ, Gill M, Copley JB, Poole L, Wilson RJ. Lanthanum carbonate versus placebo for management of hyperphosphatemia in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a subgroup analysis of a phase 2 randomized controlled study of dialysis patients. BMC Nephrology 2013;14:40. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hutchison AJ, UK Lanthanum Study Group. Lanthanum carbonate: a novel non‐calcaemic phosphate binder in dialysis patients. [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15(9):A113. [CENTRAL: CN‐00550562]
Babarykin 2004 {published data only}
    1. Babarykin D, Adamsone I, Amerika D, Spudass A, Moisejev V, Berzina N, et al. Calcium‐enriched bread for treatment of uremic hyperphosphatemia. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2004;14(3):149‐56. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bigi 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bigi MC, Andrulli S, Pozzoni P, Locatelli F. Role of chetoanalogues on calcium‐phosphate metabolism and anemia of haemodialysis patients: a pilot controlled randomized study [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):680. [CENTRAL: CN‐00444433]
Bleskestad 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bleskestad IH, Bergrem H, Hartmann A, Godang K, Goransson LG. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and parathyroid hormone after treatment with active vitamin D and sevelamer carbonate in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3b, a randomized crossover trial. BMC Nephrology 2012;13:49. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Block 2013 {published data only}
    1. Block GA, Persky MS, Shamblin BM, Baltazar MF, Comelli MC. Effect of chitosan loaded chewing gum on serum phosphate in CKD [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(Suppl 1):i156. [EMBASE: 71075449]
    1. Block GA, Persky MS, Shamblin BM, Baltazar MF, Singh B, Sharma A, et al. Effect of salivary phosphate‐binding chewing gum on serum phosphate in chronic kidney disease. Nephron 2013;123(1‐2):93‐101. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Borrego 2000 {published data only}
    1. Borrego J, Perez del Barrio P, Serrano P, Garcia Cortes MJ, Sanchez Perales MC, Borrego FJ, et al. A comparison of phosphorus‐chelating effect of calcium carbonate versus calcium acetate before dialysis [Comparacion del efecto quelante del fosforo de carbonato vs acetato calcico en predialisis]. Nefrologia 2000;20(4):348‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chertow 1997 {published data only}
    1. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Lazarus MJ, Stenzel KH, Wombolt D, Goldberg D, et al. Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (RenaGel): a noncalcemic phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in chronic renal failure. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1997;29(1):66‐71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chiang 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chiang SS, Chen JB, Yang WC. Lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of hyperphosphatemic patients with end‐stage renal disease. Clinical Nephrology 2005;63(6):461‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Webster I, Loo B. The novel phosphate binder lanthanum carbonate is preferred to conventional agents in a Chinese population [abstract]. Nephrology Nursing Journal 2004;31(2):142.
    1. Yang W, Chiang S, Chen J. Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in Chinese chronic renal failure patients [abstract no: F‐PO652]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2003;14(Nov):204A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00583787]
Chiang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chiang S, Chen S. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, dose‐ranging study of the effects of ferric citrate in patients undergoing hemodialysis [abstract no: SaP381]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi362. [CENTRAL: CN‐00747288]
Chow 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chow KM, Szeto CC, Kwan BC, Leung CB, Li PK. Sevelamer treatment strategy in peritoneal dialysis patients: conventional dose does not make best use of resources. Journal of Nephrology 2007;20(6):674‐82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
d'Almeida Filho 2000 {published data only}
    1. d'Almeida Filho EJ, Cruz EA, Hoette M, Ruzany F, Keen LN, Lugon JR. Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate in the control of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients. Revista Paulista de Medicina [Sao Paulo Medical Journal] 2000;118(6):179‐84. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Dwyer 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dwyer JP, Sika M, Schulman G, Chang IJ, Anger M, Smith M, et al. Dose‐response and efficacy of ferric citrate to treat hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: a short‐term randomized trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2013;61(5):759‐66. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
El Borolossy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Borolossy R, Wakeel LM, Hakim I, Sabri N. Efficacy and safety of nicotinamide in the management of hyperphosphatemia in pediatric patients on regular hemodialysis. Pediatric Nephrology 2016;31(2):289‐96. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Emmett 1991 {published data only}
    1. Emmett M, Sirmon MD, Kirkpatrick GW, Nolan C, Schmitt GW, Cleveland MB. Calcium acetate control of serum phosphorus in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1991;17(5):544‐50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Emmett M, Sirmon MD, Kirkpatrick WG, Nolan CR, Schmitt GW, Cleveland MB. Calcium acetate control of serum phosphorus in hemodialysis patients [abstract]. Kidney International 1990;37(1):449. [CENTRAL: CN‐00583353] - PubMed
Fabrizi 1996 {published data only}
    1. Fabrizi F, Bacchini G, Filippo S, Pontoriero G, Locatelli F. Intradialytic calcium balances with different calcium dialysate levels. Effects on cardiovascular stability and parathyroid function. Nephron 1996;72(4):530‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Fan S, Ross C, Mitra S, Kalra P, Heaton J, Hunter J, et al. A randomized, crossover design study of sevelamer carbonate powder and sevelamer hydrochloride tablets in chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2009;24(12):3794‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Finn 2004 {published data only}
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS. Lanthanum carbonate (FosrenolTM) significantly reduces serum phosphorus levels and calcium X phosphorus product values in a dose‐ranging study [abstract no: PS1‐20]. Nephrology 2003;8(Suppl 1):A29.
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, Hladik G, Lanthanum Study Group. Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate for reduction of serum phosphorus in patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis. Clinical Nephrology 2004;62(3):193‐201. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, Webster I, Gill M. Long‐term treatment with lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) is safe and effective in haemodialysis patients [abstract no:W434]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):685.
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, LAM‐308 Study Group. A long‐term, open‐label extension study on the safety of treatment with lanthanum carbonate, a new phosphate binder, in patients receiving hemodialysis. Current Medical Research & Opinion 2005;21(5):657‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fischer 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fischer D, Cline K, Plone M, Dillon M, Burke S, Blair A. A randomized, cross‐over study to compare once a day with three times per day sevelamer dosing [abstract no: SP221]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(Suppl 5):v93.
    1. Fischer D, Cline K, Plone MA, Dillon M, Burke SK, Blair AT. Results of a randomized crossover study comparing once daily and thrice‐daily sevelamer dosing. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2006;48(3):437‐44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
FORESEE 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mehrotra R. A new formulation of lanthanum carbonate is preferred by patients and physicians [abstract no: SP396]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006;21(Suppl 4):iv147. [CENTRAL: CN‐00653769]
    1. Mehrotra R. Efficacy and safety of higher‐strength lanthanum carbonate [abstract no: F‐PO095]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):356A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00653768]
    1. Mehrotra R. Patient and physician preference and satisfaction with a new formulation of lanthanum carbonate (LC) [abstract no: SA‐PO803]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16:732A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00653767]
    1. Mehrotra R. Preference and satisfaction with reformulated higher‐dosage strength lanthanum carbonate [abstract no: F‐PO094]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):356A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00653770]
    1. Mehrotra R, Martin KJ, Fishbane S, Sprague SM, Zeig S, Anger M, et al. Higher strength lanthanum carbonate provides serum phosphorus control with a low tablet burden and is preferred by patients and physicians: a multicenter study. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2008;3(5):1437‐45. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Friedrich 2006 {published data only}
    1. Friedrich B, Lang F, Risler T, Jahn MH. Efficacy of aluminum hydrochloride and aluminum hydroxide of lowering plasma phosphate concentrations in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Nieren und Hochdruckkrankheiten 2006;35(4):127‐31. [EMBASE: 2006210954]
Fukagawa 2014 {published data only}
    1. Fukagawa M, Kasuga H, Joseph D, Sawata H, Junge G, Moore A, et al. Efficacy and safety of SBR759, a novel calcium‐free, iron (III)‐based phosphate binder, versus placebo in chronic kidney disease stage v Japanese patients on maintenance renal replacement therapy. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2014;18(1):135‐43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Junge G, Akiba T, Balfour A, Bock AH, Schwende H, Fukagawa M. A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled multicenter trial to compare the phosphate lowering efficacy of different doses of the iron‐based phosphate binder SBR759 to placebo [abstract no: LB‐PO3152]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2011;22(Abstracts):4B.
Hertel 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hertel J, Locatelli F, Spasovski G, Dimkovic N, Wanner C. Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, withdrawal study of colestilan after dose titration in chronic kidney disease dialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. Nephron 2015;130(4):229‐38. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hill 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hill KM, Martin BR, Wastney ME, McCabe GP, Moe SM, Weaver CM, et al. Oral calcium carbonate affects calcium but not phosphorus balance in stage 3‐4 chronic kidney disease. Kidney International 2013;83(5):959‐66. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
How 2011 {published data only}
    1. How PP, Anattiwong P, Mason DL, Arruda JA, Lau AH. Phosphate‐binding efficacy of crushed vs. chewed lanthanum carbonate in hemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis International 2011;15(1):95‐9. [EMBASE: 2011063917] - PubMed
Ibrahim 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ibrahim FH, Fadhlina NZ, Ng EK, Thong KM, Goh BL, Sulaiman DM, et al. A randomized, open‐label, crossover design study to compare the safety and efficacy of sevelamer carbonate versus calcium carbonate in the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(Suppl 1):i470. [EMBASE: 71076459]
Isakova 2011 {published data only}
    1. Isakova T, Gutierrez O, Smith K, Epstein M, Patel N, Juppner H, et al. Short‐term effect of dietary phosphorus restriction and lanthanum carbonate on FGF23 in chronic kidney disease patients [abstract no: 137]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2010;55(4):B66.
    1. Isakova T, Gutierrez OM, Smith K, Epstein M, Keating LK, Juppner H, et al. Pilot study of dietary phosphorus restriction and phosphorus binders to target fibroblast growth factor 23 in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2011;26(2):584‐91. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ittel 1991 {published data only}
    1. Ittel TH, Schfer C, Schmitt H, Gladziwa U, Sieberth HG. Calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder in dialysis patients: evaluation of an enteric‐coated preparation and effect of additional Aluminium hydroxide on hyperaluminaemia. Klinische Wochenschrift 1991;69(2):59‐67. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Joy 1999 {published data only}
    1. Finn W, Joy M, Webster I, Gill M. Lanthanum carbonate (fosrenol) causes significant reductions in serum phosphorus and ca x p product in a dose‐ranging, placebo‐controlled study [abstract no: w437]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):686. [CENTRAL: CN‐00445339]
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, Hladik GA, Lanthanum Study Group. Results of a randomized dose‐ranging, placebo controlled study of lanthanum carbonate for reduction of serum phosphate in chronic renal failure patients receiving hemodialysis [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1999;10(Program & Abstracts):261A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00550727]
    1. Joy MS, Hladik GA, Finn WF, Lanthanum Study Group. Safety of an investigational phosphate binder (lanthanum carbonate) in hemodialysis patients [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1999;10(Program & Abstracts):263A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00583642]
Joy 2003 {published data only}
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, Webster I. Efficacy and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate, a new phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia [abstract]. Nephrology Nursing Journal 2003;30(2):150. - PubMed
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, Webster I. Lanthanum carbonate, a novel phosphate binder, is effective and has a good safety profile in the long‐term treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end‐stage renal disease [abstract]. Nephrology Nursing Journal 2003;30(2):151.
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, LAM‐308 Study Group. A long‐term, open‐label extension study on the safety of treatment with lanthanum carbonate, a new phosphate binder, in patients receiving hemodialysis. Current Medical Research & Opinion 2005;21(5):657‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Kalil 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kalil RS, Flanigan M, Stanford W, Haynes WG. Dissociation between progression of coronary artery calcification and endothelial function in hemodialysis patients: a prospective pilot study. Clinical Nephrology 2012;78(1):1‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Koiwa F, Kazama JJ, Tokumoto A, Onoda N, Kato H, Okada T, et al. Sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium bicarbonate reduce serum fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in dialysis patients. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2005;9(4):336‐9. - PubMed
Koiwa 2005a {published data only}
    1. Koiwa F, Onoda N, Kato H, Tokumoto A, Okada T, Fukagawa M, et al. Prospective randomized multicenter trial of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients in Japan. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2005;9(4):340‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Koiwa 2017a {published data only}
    1. Koiwa F, Terao A. Dose‐response efficacy and safety of PA21 in Japanese hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia: a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, Phase II study.[Erratum appears in Clin Exp Nephrol. 2017 Jun;21(3):523; PMID: 27832343]. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2017;21(3):513‐22. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Koontz T, Balikian S, Bross R, Lee ML, Rattanasompattikul M, Hatamizadeh P, et al. Fosrenol for enhancing dietary protein intake in hypoalbuminemic dialysis patients (FREDI) study [abstract]. Kidney Research & Clinical Practice 2012;31(2):A68. [EMBASE: 70814912]
Kurihara 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kurihara S, Tsuruta Y, Akizawa T. Effect of MCI‐196 (colestilan) as a phosphate binder on hyperphosphataemia in haemodialysis patients: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, short‐term trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(2):424‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Lee 2013b {published data only}
    1. Lee GH, Han N, Hong SH, Kim YS, Shin WG, Oh JM. Changes in serum fibroblast growth factor 23 during the use of calcium carbonate concurrent with calcitriol in stage 3 CKD patients [abstract no: 341]. Pharmacotherapy 2013;33(10):e284. [EMBASE: 71764412]
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    1. Locatelli F, Dimkovic N, Manning A, Chambard A, Sano H, Nakajima S. MCI‐196, a new phosphate binder, has an additional effect on dyslipidemia and uric acid in patients with hyperphosphatemia on hemodialysis [abstract no: F‐PO952]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):272A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00765636]
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    1. Mai ML, Emmett M, Sheikh MS, Santa Ana C, Fordtran JS. Calcium acetate (CaAc), an effective binder of dietary phosphorus (P) in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) [abstract]. Kidney International 1989;35(1):384. [CENTRAL: CN‐00626015] - PubMed
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    1. Mak RH, Turner C, Thompson T, Powell H, Haycock GB, Chantler C. Suppression of secondary hyperparathyroidism in children with chronic renal failure by high dose phosphate binders: calcium carbonate versus aluminium hydroxide. British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed 1985;291(6496):623‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Matuszkiewicz‐Rowinska J, Niemczyk S, Przedlacki J, Puka J, Switalski M, Ostrowski K. Effect of salmon calcitonin on bone mineral density and calcium‐phosphate metabolism in chronic hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism [Wplyw lososiowej kalcytoniny na gestosc mineralna kosci oraz metabolizm wapnia i fosforu u chorych z wtorna nadczynnoscia przytarczyc przewlekle hemodializowanych]. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 2004;112(1):797‐803. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. McIntyre C, Pai P, Warwick G, Wilkie M, Toft A, Hutchinson A. Iron‐magnesium hydroxycarbonate (alpharen): a novel non calcium containing phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in chronic haemodialysis patients [abstract no: FP452]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi171. [CENTRAL: CN‐00690654] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Messana JM, Hsu C, Young E, Swartz RD. Ferric citrate (FC), an alternate phosphorous (PHS)‐binder in ESRD patients on hemodialysis (HD) [abstract no: A3098]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1999;10(Program & Abstracts):612A.
Moustafa 2014 {published data only}
    1. Moustafa M, Lehrner L, Al‐Saghir F, Smith M, Goyal S, Dillon M, et al. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, dose‐ranging study using Genz‐644470 and sevelamer carbonate in hyperphosphatemic chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis. International Journal of Nephrology & Renovascular Disease 2014;7:141‐52. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Mouzo 2004 {published data only}
    1. Mouzo R, Sierra FG, Lombardi V, Rodriguez J, Castro P, Alvarez A, et al. Effectiveness of sevelamer (SEV) administration according to Hispanic dietary habits and phosphate food content in hemodialysis chronic (HD) patients [abstract]. 41st Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2004 May 15‐18; Lisbon, Portugal. 2004:104. [CENTRAL: CN‐00509368]
NCT00018135 {published data only}
    1. NCT00018135. Parathyroid hormone levels in relation to the phosphorus content of meals. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00018135 (first received 5 July 2001).
NCT00364000 {published data only}
    1. Covic A, Mircescu G. Arterial stiffness and calcifications in haemodialysis patients on sevelamer or calcium acetate. www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00364000 (first received 15 August 2006).
NCT00436683 {published data only}
    1. Taal M. Dose ranging study of magnesium iron hydroxycarbonate in haemodialysis subjects with hyperphosphataemia. www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00436683 (first received 19 February 2007).
NCT00660530 {published data only}
    1. Lau A. Chewed vs. crushed lanthanum carbonate in hemodialysis patients. www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00660530 (first received 17 April 2008).
NCT00745589 {published data only}
    1. Wang A. Sevelamer hydrochloride in peritoneal dialysis patients. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00745589 (first received 3 September 2008).
NCT01427907 {published data only}
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NCT01748396 {published data only}
    1. Kim YS. Effect of phosphate binders on FGF‐23 with concurrent calcitriol. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01748396 (first received 12 December 2012).
NCT02027662 {published data only}
    1. Floege J. Therapeutic equivalence of OsvaRen® tablets and OsvaRen® granules. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02027662 (first received 6 January 2014).
NCT02492620 {published data only}
    1. Block GA. A two‐arm, open‐label, standard of care control evaluation of ferric citrate for the transition from chronic kidney disease stage 4/5 to chronic kidney stage 5D. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02492620 (first received 8 July 2015).
NCT02684643 {published data only}
    1. Chen J. Study of individualized therapy on hyperphosphatemia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02684643 (first received 18 February 2016).
NCT02688764 {published data only}
    1. Greenbaum LA. An open‐label, randomised, active‐controlled, parallel group, multicentre, phase 3 study to investigate the safety and efficacy of PA21 (Velphoro®) and calcium acetate (phoslyra®) in paediatric and adolescent CKD patients with hyperphosphataemia. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02688764 (first received 23 February 2016).
NCT03163576 {published data only}
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NCT03305471 {published data only}
    1. Sankyo D. A phase 1b study, to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of repeated doses of DS‐2330b alone and when co‐administered with sevelamer in patients on chronic hemodialysis. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03305471 (first received 10 October 2017).
Nishi 2005 {published data only}
    1. Nishi H, Sato T, Kurihara T, Kurosawa T, Fukagawa M. Control of parathyroid function in patients with a short history of hemodialysis. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2005;9(1):39‐43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Pflanz 1994 {published data only}
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    1. Phelps KR, Stern M, Slingerland A, Heravi M, Strogatz DS, Haqqie SS. Metabolic and skeletal effects of low and high doses of calcium acetate in patients with preterminal chronic renal failure. American Journal of Nephrology 2002;22(5‐6):445‐54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Ring 1993 {published data only}
    1. Ring T, Nielsen C, Andersen SP, Behrens JK, Sodemann B, Kornerup HJ. Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate as phosphorus binders in patients on chronic haemodialysis: a controlled study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1993;8(4):341‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Salusky 1991 {published data only}
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    1. Pereira RC, Hernandez JD, Wesseling K, Gales B, Jueppner HW, Salusky IB. Differential effect of doxercalciferol and calcitriol on skeletal lesions of secondary hyperparathyroidism [abstract no: TH‐PO133]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2006;17(Abstracts):134A. [CENTRAL: CN‐00740590]
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Scaria 2009 {published data only}
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Schaefer 1991 {published data only}
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Shigematsu 2001 {published data only}
    1. Shigematsu T, Terawaki H, Hasegawa T, Kato N, Yamamoto H, Yokoyama K, et al. The vitamin D therapy alone should be selected in pre‐dialysis renal failure patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, instead of the combination therapy with vitamin D and calcium [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2001;12(Program & Abstracts):772A‐3A.
Shigematsu 2008a {published data only}
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Sigrist 2013 {published data only}
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SPD405‐307 2004 {published data only}
    1. Altmann P, Barnett ME, Finn WF, SPD405‐307 Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group. Cognitive function in Stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis: no adverse effects of lanthanum carbonate compared with standard phosphate‐binder therapy. Kidney International. 2007;71(3):252‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Sprague 2009b {published data only}
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SUMMER 2011 {published data only}
    1. Boaz M, Biro A, Katzir Z, Shtendik L, Weinstein T. Nested cross‐sectional analysis of baseline date from the Sevelamer hydrochloride and Ultrasound‐Measured femoral and carotid intima Media thickness progression in End stage Renal disease: SUMMER [abstract no: SA‐PO2704]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):721A.
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Tzanno‐Martins 2014 {published data only}
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Umanath 2013 {published data only}
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van den Bergh 1994 {published data only}
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Wei 2014 {published data only}
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    1. Salusky IB, Wesseling K, Hernandez J, Lavigne JR, Zahranik RJ, Gales B, et al. Comparison between first and second generation PTH assays as predictors of bone turnover during treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialyzed children [abstract no: SA‐PO833]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005;16:739A.
    1. Wesseling K, Jueppner H, Goodman WG, Gales B, Elasoff R, Wang H, et al. Similar predictive value of bone turnover by first and second generation PTH assays during treatment of secondary hyperparthyroidism in dialyzed children [abstract no: F‐PO980]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2004;15(Oct):279A.
Wuthrich 2013 {published data only}
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Xu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Xu J, Zhang YX, Yu XQ, Liu ZH, Wang LN, Chen JH, et al. Lanthanum carbonate for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in CKD 5D: multicenter, double blind, randomized, controlled trial in mainland China. BMC Nephrology 2013;14:29. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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References to studies awaiting assessment

NCT00317694 {published data only}
    1. Roe S. Efficacy and safety study of magnesium iron hydroxycarbonate for the reduction of high blood phosphate in hemodialysis patients. www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00317694 (first received 25 April 2006).
NCT00560300 {published data only}
    1. Salusky IB. Regulation of bone formation in renal osteodystrophy. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00560300 (first received 19 November 2007).
NCT01968759 {published data only}
    1. NCT01968759. Sevelamer in proteinuric CKD. www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01968759 (first received 24 October 2013).

References to ongoing studies

COMBINE 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gassman JJ. The COMBINE Study: the CKD optimal management with BInders and NicotinamidE. www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02258074 (first received 7 October 2014).
IMPROVE‐CKD 2012 {published data only}
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LANDMARK 2017 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

Navaneethan 2006
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