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. 2018;1(1):1003.
Epub 2018 Feb 21.

Advancements in Free-Radical Pathologies and an Important Treatment Solution with a Free-Radical Inhibitor

Affiliations

Advancements in Free-Radical Pathologies and an Important Treatment Solution with a Free-Radical Inhibitor

R C Petersen et al. SF J Biotechnol Biomed Eng. 2018.

Abstract

Unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds particularly at exposed end groups of nonsolid fluids are susceptible to free-radical covalent bonding on one carbon atom creating a new free radical on the opposite carbon atom. Subsequent reactive secondary sequence free-radical polymerization can then continue across extensive carbon-carbon double bonds to form progressively larger molecules with ever-increasing viscosity and eventually produce solids. In a fluid solution when carbon-carbon double bonds are replaced by carbon-carbon single bonds to decrease fluidity, increasing molecular organization can interfere with molecular oxygen (O2) diffusion. During normal eukaryote cellular energy synthesis O2 is required by mitochondria to combine with electrons from the electron transport chain and hydrogen cations from the proton gradient to form water. When O2 is absent during periods of irregular hypoxia in mitochondrial energy synthesis, the generation of excess electrons can develop free radicals or excess protons can produce acid. Free radicals formed by limited O2 can damage lipids and proteins and greatly increase molecular sizes in growing vicious cycles to reduce oxygen availability even more for mitochondria during energy synthesis. Further, at adequate free-radical concentrations a reactive crosslinking unsaturated aldehyde lipid breakdown product can significantly support free-radical polymerization of lipid oils into rubbery gel-like solids and eventually even produce a crystalline lipid peroxidation with the double bond of O2. Most importantly, free-radical inhibitor hydroquinone intended for medical treatments in much pathology such as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, infection/inflammation and also ageing has proven extremely effective in sequestering free radicals to prevent chain-growth reactive secondary sequence polymerization.

Keywords: Free radical; Free-radical inhibitor; Lipid peroxidation; Membrane fluidity; Molecular oxygen; Polymerization; Reactive oxygen species; Reactive secondary sequence.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
O2 is needed at the end of the electron transport chain in removing electrons and protons to form H2O. (Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. Electron-Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps. Figure 14–26. Copyright © 2002, Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26904/).
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Unsaturated fatty acid lipid oils, benzoyl peroxide free-radical initiator, cobalt naphthenate transition metal accelerator and α,β-unsaturated aldehyde reactive lipid breakdown product acrolein crosslinker polymerized into solid rubbery gel. (B) Unsaturated fatty acid oils, benzoyl peroxide and cobalt naphthenate accelerator remain unreacted low-viscosity oil without acrolein crosslinker. (C) Unsaturated fatty acid lipid oils, benzoyl peroxide, and acrolein α-β unsaturated aldehyde remain unreacted low-viscosity oil without cobalt metal free-radical accelerator. (Micromechanics/Electron Interactions for Advanced Biomedical Research, 2011, Chapter 16. Free Radical Reactive Secondary Sequence Lipid Chain-Lengthening Pathologies. Figure 10. Richard Petersen and Uday Vaidya).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Differences between free-radical polymerized reaction products for lipid peroxidation across oxygen-oxygen double bonds and unsaturated lipid reactive secondary sequence polymerization along carbon-carbon double bonds. (A) Reactive secondary sequence free-radical polymerization with crosslinker and unsaturated lipids form solid rubbery gel on the bottom. Crystalline polymerization lipid peroxidation products were pulled off the sides of the reaction container that concentrated alongside of the nonpolar polyethylene container surface. (B) Left Side-crystalline lipid peroxidation polymerization products of acrolein crosslinked lipids and O2 and Right Side-reactive secondary sequence polymerized unsaturated lipids in a solid rubbery gel phase. (Micromechanics/Electron Interactions for Advanced Biomedical Research, 2011, Chapter 16. Free Radical Reactive Secondary Sequence Lipid Chain-Lengthening Pathologies. Figure 12. Richard Petersen and Uday Vaidya).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Free-radical polymerization of vitamin supplements containing numerous multiple unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds and without acrolein crosslinker generates rubbery solid gels from low viscosity oils. (A) β,β-carotene. (B). Vitamin A (Micromechanics/Electron Interactions for Advanced Biomedical Research, 2011, Chapter 16. Free Radical Reactive Secondary Sequence Lipid Chain-Lengthening Pathologies. Figure 16. Richard Petersen and Uday Vaidya).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Free-radical polymerization of vitamin supplements containing numerous multiple unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds and without acrolein crosslinker generates rubbery solid gels from low viscosity oils. (A) β,β-carotene. (B). Vitamin A (Micromechanics/Electron Interactions for Advanced Biomedical Research, 2011, Chapter 16. Free Radical Reactive Secondary Sequence Lipid Chain-Lengthening Pathologies. Figure 16. Richard Petersen and Uday Vaidya).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Cell cultures from human connective tissue 500× (A) Normal cells with smoother membrane borders. (B) Cancer cells with more spike-like protrusions revealing more irregular deeper plasma cell membrane invaginations. (With permission from the National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Cell cultures from human connective tissue 500× (A) Normal cells with smoother membrane borders. (B) Cancer cells with more spike-like protrusions revealing more irregular deeper plasma cell membrane invaginations. (With permission from the National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Scanning electron microscopy of an isolated cancer cell with membrane ruffling and long lamellipodia spike-like extensions. (With permission from the National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Metastasis scanning electron micrograph of a low modulus cancer cell moving through an artificial hole showing stiff pseudopodia extensions called lamellipodia. (With permission from the National Institutes of Health/Department of Health and Human Services).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Molecular structures for vitamin E (top) compared to hydroquinone (bottom).
Figure 9
Figure 9
Unsaturated lipid and reactive acrolein free-radical covalent bonding polymerization shrinkage with hydroquinone free-radical inhibitor at different concentrations. (International Research Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry 2(4): 247–285, 2012, Reactive Secondary Sequence Oxidative Pathology Polymer Model and Antioxidant Tests. Figure 15. Richard Petersen).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Unsaturated lipid and reactive acrolein free-radical covalent bonding polymerization shrinkage comparing antioxidant free-radical sequestering with 7.3wt% hydroquinone and 7.3wt% vitamin E. (p<0.00001 at 50hrs) (International Research Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry 2(4): 247–285, 2012, Reactive Secondary Sequence Oxidative Pathology Polymer Model and Antioxidant Tests. Figure 16. Richard Petersen).

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