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Review
. 2018 Jun 1:11:152.
doi: 10.1186/s13068-018-1153-5. eCollection 2018.

Genetic tool development and systemic regulation in biosynthetic technology

Zhongxue Dai #  1 , Shangjie Zhang #  1 , Qiao Yang  1 , Wenming Zhang  1   2 , Xiujuan Qian  1 , Weiliang Dong  1   2 , Min Jiang  1   2 , Fengxue Xin  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Genetic tool development and systemic regulation in biosynthetic technology

Zhongxue Dai et al. Biotechnol Biofuels. .

Abstract

With the increased development in research, innovation, and policy interest in recent years, biosynthetic technology has developed rapidly, which combines engineering, electronics, computer science, mathematics, and other disciplines based on classical genetic engineering and metabolic engineering. It gives a wider perspective and a deeper level to perceive the nature of life via cell mechanism, regulatory networks, or biological evolution. Currently, synthetic biology has made great breakthrough in energy, chemical industry, and medicine industries, particularly in the programmable genetic control at multiple levels of regulation to perform designed goals. In this review, the most advanced and comprehensive developments achieved in biosynthetic technology were represented, including genetic engineering as well as synthetic genomics. In addition, the superiority together with the limitations of the current genome-editing tools were summarized.

Keywords: Genetic engineering; Genetic tools; Synthetic biology; Synthetic genomics.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Relation between transcription regulation, post-transcription regulation, and post-translation regulation
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
a GFP: green fluorescent protein. Toggle switches possess two repressors (R1 and R2) and two promoters (P1 and P2). R1 is transcribed by P2 and can inhibit P1. R2 is transcribed by P1 and can inhibit P2. In addition, R1 is inducted by Inducer1 and R2 is inducted by Inducer2. The transcriptional states can be flipped by adding inducers. b LacI inhibits the transcription of TetR, and then TetR inhibits the expression of CI. Finally, CI inhibits LacI expression, LacI inhibits the transcription of TetR, and TetR inhibits the expression of CI and GFP
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Development of the synthetic genomics
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
a Each ZFN contains the cleavage domain of FokI linked to several zinc fingers which can be designed to specifically recognize that flank the cleavage site. b TALEN target sites consist of two TALE binding sites separated by a spacer sequence of varying length. c CRISPR–Cas9 is a two-component system composed of Cas9 and gRNA. Once Cas9 finds a PAM site if the gRNA binds to the DNA, a double break occurs three base pairs upstream the PAM
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