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. 2018 Sep 1;79(1):83-91.
doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001755.

Cognitive Burden of Common Non-antiretroviral Medications in HIV-Infected Women

Leah H Rubin  1   2 , Kendra K Radtke  3 , Seenae Eum  4 , Bani Tamraz  4 , Krithika N Kumanan  5 , Gayle Springer  6 , Pauline M Maki  1   7 , Kathryn Anastos  8 , Daniel Merenstein  9 , Roksana Karim  10 , Kathleen M Weber  11 , Deborah Gustafson  12 , Ruth M Greenblatt  3 , Jeffrey R Bishop  4
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Cognitive Burden of Common Non-antiretroviral Medications in HIV-Infected Women

Leah H Rubin et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. .

Abstract

Objective: The aging HIV population has increased comorbidity burden and consequently non-antiretroviral medication utilization. Many non-antiretroviral medications have known neurocognitive-adverse effects ("NC-AE medications"). We assessed the cognitive effects of NC-AE medications in HIV+ and HIV- women.

Methods: One thousand five hundred fifty-eight participants (1037 HIV+; mean age 46) from the Women's Interagency HIV Study completed a neuropsychological test battery between 2009 and 2011. The total number of NC-AE medications and subgroups (eg, anticholinergics) were calculated based on self-report. Generalized linear models for non-normal data were used to examine the cognitive burden of medications and factors that exacerbate these effects.

Results: HIV+ women reported taking more NC-AE medications vs. HIV- women (P < 0.05). NC-AE medication use altogether was not associated with cognitive performance. However, among NC-AE medication subgroups, anticholinergic-acting medications, but not opioids or anxiolytics/anticonvulsants, were negatively associated with performance. HIV status moderated the association between these NC-AE medication subgroups and performance (P's < 0.05). HIV-serostatus differences (HIV- < HIV+) in global, learning, fluency, and motor function were greatest among women taking >1 anticholinergic medications. HIV-serostatus differences in performance on learning and psychomotor speed were also greatest among women taking 1 or more anxiolytics/anticonvulsants and 1 or more opioids, respectively.

Conclusions: HIV+ women have increased cognitive vulnerabilities to anticholinergic, anxiolytic/anticonvulsant, and opioid medications. Potential synergy between these medications and HIV may explain some HIV-related cognitive impairments. It may be important clinically to consider these specific types of medications as a contributor to impaired cognitive performance in HIV+ women and assess the cost/benefit of treatment dosage for underlying conditions.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None of the authors report any conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Association of (A) NC-AE, (B) anticholinergic, (C) anxiolytic/anticonvulsant, and (D) opioids use and cognitive performance as a function of HIV-serostatus. Higher Clinical Rating Scale score = worse performance. (A) NC-AE Burden (B) Anticholinergic Burden (C) Anxiolytic/anticonvulsant (D) Opioids Note. WM=working memory. p=is the p-value for the interaction between HIV-status and total number of medications. Numbers in the bars represent the sample size. NC-AE=non-ARV medication with known general adverse cognitive effects. Executive function and memory as there were no interactions between total meds and HIV-serostatus on these two domains.**p<0.01; *p<0.05; †p=0.05
Figure 1
Figure 1
Association of (A) NC-AE, (B) anticholinergic, (C) anxiolytic/anticonvulsant, and (D) opioids use and cognitive performance as a function of HIV-serostatus. Higher Clinical Rating Scale score = worse performance. (A) NC-AE Burden (B) Anticholinergic Burden (C) Anxiolytic/anticonvulsant (D) Opioids Note. WM=working memory. p=is the p-value for the interaction between HIV-status and total number of medications. Numbers in the bars represent the sample size. NC-AE=non-ARV medication with known general adverse cognitive effects. Executive function and memory as there were no interactions between total meds and HIV-serostatus on these two domains.**p<0.01; *p<0.05; †p=0.05
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