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. 2017 Dec 29;10(1):11.
doi: 10.3390/v10010011.

Cytomegaloviruses in a Community of Wild Nonhuman Primates in Taï National Park, Côte D'Ivoire

Augustin Etile Anoh  1   2 , Sripriya Murthy  3 , Chantal Akoua-Koffi  4 , Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann  5 , Fabian Hubertus Leendertz  6 , Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer  7   8 , Bernhard Ehlers  9
Affiliations

Cytomegaloviruses in a Community of Wild Nonhuman Primates in Taï National Park, Côte D'Ivoire

Augustin Etile Anoh et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are known to infect many mammals, including a number of nonhuman primates (NHPs). However, most data available arose from studies led on captive individuals and little is known about CMV diversity in wild NHPs. Here, we analyzed a community of wild nonhuman primates (seven species) in Taï National Park (TNP), Côte d'Ivoire, with two PCR systems targeting betaherpesviruses. CMV DNA was detected in 17/87 primates (4/7 species). Six novel CMVs were identified in sooty mangabeys, Campbell's monkeys and Diana monkeys, respectively. In 3/17 positive individuals (from three NHP species), different CMVs were co-detected. A major part of the glycoprotein B coding sequences of the novel viruses was amplified and sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were performed that included three previously discovered CMVs of western red colobus from TNP and published CMVs from other NHP species and geographic locations. We find that, despite this locally intensified sampling, NHP CMVs from TNP are completely host-specific, pinpointing the absence or rarity of cross-species transmission. We also show that on longer timescales the evolution of CMVs is characterized by frequent co-divergence with their hosts, although other processes, including lineage duplication and host switching, also have to be invoked to fully explain their evolutionary relationships.

Keywords: Côte d’Ivoire; Taï National Park; co-divergence; cytomegalovirus; genetic diversity; host specificity; nonhuman primate.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Map of targeted open reading frames and diagram of PCR strategy. Degenerate nested primers (black triangles) were used to amplify part of the UL55 or UL56 open reading frame. The amplified fragments are represented by thin solid lines between the primer binding sites (A); Long-distance nested PCR was performed with specific primers (open triangles). The amplified fragments are represented by dashed lines between the primer binding sites (B); Fragments amplified in (A,B) were sequenced and assembled to a final contiguous sequence of 2.2 to 2.4 kb (C). At the top of the figure, the genomic locus spanning open reading frames UL55 and UL56 is depicted with open arrows. The arrowhead indicates the direction of transcription. The start of the ruler corresponds to the first base of the ORF UL56.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Time tree of nonhuman primate host species. This time tree was produced using a precompiled set of posterior trees available at the 10KTrees webserver [36]. Host common names are as follow: Aotus trivirgatus (three-striped night monkey), Cercocebus atys (sooty mangabey), Cercopithecus campbelli (Campbell’s monkey), Cercopithecus diana (Diana monkey), Colobus guereza (guereza), Colobus polykomos (black-and-white colobus), Gorilla gorilla (Western lowland gorilla), Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus monkey), Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque), Mandrillus sphinx (mandrill), Mandrillus leucophaeus (drill), Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee), Papio anubis (olive baboon), Papio ursinus (chacma baboon), Piliolobus badius (western red colobus), Pongo pygmaeus (Borneo orangutan), Saimiri sciureus (common squirrel monkey).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Maximum likelihood tree of partial CMV UL55 amino acid sequences. Sequences generated for this study are bold and displayed with their sample number (accession numbers in Table 1). Internal branches supported by Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-like aLRT) values <0.95 are grey. The common names of the hosts after which the viruses are named are given in the legend of Figure 1.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo tree of partial CMV UL55 amino acid sequences. Sequences generated for this study are bold and displayed with their sample number (accession numbers in Table 1). Internal branches supported by posterior probabilities <0.95 are grey. The common names of the hosts after which the viruses are named are given in the legend of Figure 1.
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