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. 2018 Mar;46(3):996-1007.
doi: 10.1177/0300060517728652. Epub 2017 Nov 9.

Factors contributing to salivary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 levels measured by a Poisson distribution-based PCR method

Ryo Ikeno  1 , Eiko Yamada  1 , Sayaka Yamazaki  2 , Tomoyuki Ueda  2 , Masaki Nagata  1 , Ritsuo Takagi  1 , Shingo Kato  2
Affiliations

Factors contributing to salivary human immunodeficiency virus type-1 levels measured by a Poisson distribution-based PCR method

Ryo Ikeno et al. J Int Med Res. 2018 Mar.

Abstract

Objective To elucidate the mechanism underlying secretion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into the oral cavity, by examining the relationships between various oral and systemic factors and the viral load in saliva. Methods Plasma and saliva samples from HIV-1 infected patients were assayed using the COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® HIV-1 Test, version 1.0 and a Poisson distribution-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for quantifying HIV-1 RNA and DNA. Results Forty-four pairs of samples were obtained from 18 patients. Salivary viral load was approximately 10% of the plasma viral load, but higher than the plasma load in two patients. The salivary viral DNA load was < 1% of the total HIV-1 nucleic acid load except in one patient who had more viral DNA than RNA. Multiple regression analysis showed that salivary viral load was significantly correlated with plasma viral load (partial correlation coefficient, 0.90) and the community periodontal index (-0.63). Conclusions The present results suggest that excretion through salivary glands, but not occult bleeding, may be a major pathway of HIV-1 into the oral cavity.

Keywords: HIV; Poisson distribution; plasma; quantification; saliva.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Regression analysis to compare salivary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral loads in five patients with HIV-1 infections, measured using the COBAS® AmpliPrep/ COBAS® TaqMan® HIV-1 Test, v1.0 or an in-house Poisson quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Data presented as the mean of patient samples for each patient (each patient shown with an arrow). The solid diagonal line shows a single regression curve. A good linear relationship was seen between the results of the COBAS assay and the Poisson quantitative PCR assay (P <0.05; r2 = 0.83)
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Regression analysis of the relationship between plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral load (determined using the COBAS® AmpliPrep/COBAS® TaqMan® HIV-1 Test, v1.0) and salivary HIV-1 viral load (determined using a Poisson quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay) in 18 patients with HIV-1. Two patients (M and O) were found to have salivary viral loads that were higher than the plasma viral loads (arrows). Data presented as the mean of all samples for each patient. The solid diagonal line represents the single regression curve for the data, with a good linear relationship between the saliva and plasma viral loads (P <0.01; r2 = 0.75). The dotted line represents equal viral loads in plasma and saliva (r2 = 1.0) for comparison
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