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Comparative Study
. 2018 Jan 15;37(1):1-11.
doi: 10.1002/sim.7497. Epub 2017 Sep 26.

Treatment evaluation for a data-driven subgroup in adaptive enrichment designs of clinical trials

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Comparative Study

Treatment evaluation for a data-driven subgroup in adaptive enrichment designs of clinical trials

Zhiwei Zhang et al. Stat Med. .

Abstract

Adaptive enrichment designs (AEDs) of clinical trials allow investigators to restrict enrollment to a promising subgroup based on an interim analysis. Most of the existing AEDs deal with a small number of predefined subgroups, which are often unknown at the design stage. The newly developed Simon design offers a great deal of flexibility in subgroup selection (without requiring pre-defined subgroups) but does not provide a procedure for estimating and testing treatment efficacy for the selected subgroup. This article proposes a 2-stage AED which does not require predefined subgroups but requires a prespecified algorithm for choosing a subgroup on the basis of baseline covariate information. Having a prespecified algorithm for subgroup selection makes it possible to use cross-validation and bootstrap methods to correct for the resubstitution bias in estimating treatment efficacy for the selected subgroup. The methods are evaluated and compared in a simulation study mimicking actual clinical trials of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Keywords: bootstrap; cross-validation; precision medicine; predictive biomarker; subgroup analysis; treatment effect heterogeneity.

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