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. 2017 Sep 22;7(10):287.
doi: 10.3390/nano7100287.

A Spectral Probe for Detection of Aluminum (III) Ions Using Surface Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles

Surendra Shinde  1 , Dae-Young Kim  2 , Rijuta Ganesh Saratale  3 , Asad Syed  4 , Fuad Ameen  5 , Gajanan Ghodake  6
Affiliations

A Spectral Probe for Detection of Aluminum (III) Ions Using Surface Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles

Surendra Shinde et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

A simple green route has been developed for the synthesis of casein peptide functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), in which casein peptide acts as a reducing as well as the stabilizing agent. In this report, AuNPs have been characterized on the basis of spectroscopic and microscopic results; which showed selective and sensitive response toward Al3+ in aqueous media, and Al3+ induces aggregation of AuNPs. The sensing study performed for Al3+ revealed that the color change from red to blue was due to a red-shift in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band and the formation of aggregated species of AuNPs. The calibration curve determines the detection limit (LOD) for Al3+ about 20 ppb (0.067 μM) is presented using both decrease and increase in absorbance at 530 and 700 nm, respectively. This value is considerably lower than the higher limit allowed for Al3+ in drinking water by the world health organization (WHO) (7.41 μM), representing enough sensitivity to protect water quality. The intensity of the red-shifted band increases with linear pattern upon the interaction with different concentrations of Al3+, thus the possibility of producing unstable AuNPs aggregates. The method is successfully used for the detection of Al3+ in water samples collected from various sources, human urine and ionic drink. The actual response time required for AuNPs is about 1 min, this probe also have several advantages, such as ease of synthesis, functionalization and its use, high sensitivity, and enabling on-site monitoring.

Keywords: aggregation; aluminum; casein peptide; gold nanoparticles; spectrophotometer.

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Conflict of interest statement

There is no conflict of interest regarding this research article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Change in the plasmon absorption spectrum of the AuNPs under various dilution conditions by using distilled water; (b) A Beers and Lambert linear fit plotted from the experimental data collected at 530 nm under various dilution conditions by using distilled water; (c) The UV-vis spectrum of both as-prepared and centrifuged AuNPs in the UV range showing healthy capping of casein peptides on the AuNPs surfaces; (d) Schematic representation of casein peptide mediated synthesis and capping of the AuNPs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) XPS survey spectra of AuNPs; (b) Narrow scan spectra of AuNPs; (c) XRD spectra of AuNPs; (d) FTIR spectra of AuNPs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) The HR-TEM image of AuNPs in absence of Al3+; (b) The HR-TEM image of AuNPs in presence of Al3+. (Inset showing color of corresponding AuNPs solutions).
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) The spectral response of AuNPs in the presence of increasing amounts of Al3+ at room temperature; (b) A linear fit curve of absorbance intensity at 700 nm vs. Al3+ concentration; (c) A linear fit curve of the absorbance intensity at 530 nm vs. Al3+ concentration.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) The absorbance intensity of proposed nanosensor recorded at 530 nm in the absence and presence of the Al3+ at different molar ratio of NaOH; (b) The absorbance intensity of proposed nanosensor recorded at 530 nm in the absence and presence of the Al3+ at different molar ratio of HCl; (c) The effect of ionic strength on absorbance intensity recorded at 530 nm in the absence and presence of the Al3+; (d) The time course of the absorbance intensity of the AuNPs was recorded at 530 nm in the presence of the Al3+ (50 ppb) with 2 min interval.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The time course of the spectral response of AuNPs at room temperature; (a) in the presence of the Al3+ (10 ppb); (b) in the presence of the Al3+ (20 ppb), (c) in the presence of the Al3+ (30 ppb); (d) in the presence of the Al3+ (40 ppb).
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) The spectral response of AuNPs towards the Al3+ in presence of mixture of multiple kinds of metal ions at room temperature; (b) The spectral response of AuNPs towards the Al3+ in real samples at room temperature.
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