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. 2017 Mar;3(3):10.18103/imr.v3i3.385.
doi: 10.18103/imr.v3i3.385.

Epigenetic regulation of cellular and cytomegalovirus genes during myeloid cell development

Xue-Feng Liu  1 , Mary Hummel  1 , Michael Abecassis  1
Affiliations

Epigenetic regulation of cellular and cytomegalovirus genes during myeloid cell development

Xue-Feng Liu et al. Intern Med Rev (Wash D C). 2017 Mar.

Abstract

Myeloid cells are important cell types that carry human cytomegalovirus. Latent viral DNA is present in CD34+ progenitor cells and their derived monocytes. However, differentiation of latently infected monocytes to mature macrophages or dendritic cells causes reactivation of latent viruses. During hematopoietic development, pluripotent genes are repressed, and lineage specific genes are activated in a step-wise manner. This process is governed by cell-type specific chromatin states. Enhancers in the hematopoietic system are highly dynamic and established by pioneer (first tier) transcription factors (TFs), which set the stage for second and third tier TF binding. In this review, we examine the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate myeloid cell development, cell identity, and activation with a special focus on factors that regulate viral gene expression and the status of viral infection in myeloid cells.

Keywords: Chromatin; cytomegalovirus; enhancers; hierarchy of transcription factors; myeloid cells.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICT of INTEREST The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Hierarchical model of hematopoiesis with the emphasis of myeloid cell development (shown in green color). HSC, hematopoietic stem; MPP, multipotent progenitor; CMP, common myeloid progenitor; CLP, common lymphoid progenitor; MEP, megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor; GMP, granulocyte-monocyte progenitor; GP, granulocyte progenitor; MDP, monocyte-dendritic cell progenitor; cMoP, common monocyte progenitor; CDP, common dendritic cell progenitor; Ba, basophil; Eo, eosinophil; Mϕ, macrophages; Mo, monocyte; Neu, neutrophil; MoDC, monocyte derived dendritic cells; cDC, classical dendritic cells; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Putative binding sites of transcription factors in the human cytomegalovirus major immediate early enhancer and promoter region. The arrow shows the IE1/IE2 gene transcription start site. The putative binding sites of transcription factors identified by MatInspector program have of matrix similarity value equal or bigger than 0.9. CREB, cAMP-responsive element binding proteins; ATF, activating transcription factor; GATA1, GATA-binding transcription factor 1; YY1, Yin and Yang1; NF-kB, Nuclear factor kappaB; SP1, Specificity Protein 1; AP-1, activating protein 1; Gfi1, growth factor independence 1; CDP, CCAAT displacement protein; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein; SRF, serum response element binding factor.
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