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Review
. 2017 Jul;38(7):1167-1186.
doi: 10.1007/s10072-017-2938-1. Epub 2017 Apr 17.

Pathogenic mechanisms following ischemic stroke

Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam  1 , William Winlow  2   3 , Maryam Farzaneh  4 , Yaghoob Farbood  5 , Hadi Fathi Moghaddam  5
Affiliations
Review

Pathogenic mechanisms following ischemic stroke

Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam et al. Neurol Sci. 2017 Jul.

Abstract

Stroke is the second most common cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Brain injury following stroke results from a complex series of pathophysiological events including excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, there is a mechanistic link between brain ischemia, innate and adaptive immune cells, intracranial atherosclerosis, and also the gut microbiota in modifying the cerebral responses to ischemic insult. There are very few treatments for stroke injuries, partly owing to an incomplete understanding of the diverse cellular and molecular changes that occur following ischemic stroke and that are responsible for neuronal death. Experimental discoveries have begun to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in stroke injury, leading to the development of numerous agents that target various injury pathways. In the present article, we review the underlying pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and reveal the intertwined pathways that are promising therapeutic targets.

Keywords: Apoptosis; Inflammation; Ischemia; Oxidative stress; Stroke.

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