Neurodegenerative Diseases: Might Citrus Flavonoids Play a Protective Role?

doi:10.3390/molecules21101312

Review

. 2016 Sep 30;21(10):1312.

doi: 10.3390/molecules21101312.

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Might Citrus Flavonoids Play a Protective Role?

Santa Cirmi¹, Nadia Ferlazzo², Giovanni E Lombardo³, Elvira Ventura-Spagnolo⁴, Sebastiano Gangemi^{5

6}, Gioacchino Calapai⁷, Michele Navarra⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, Messina I-98168, Italy. scirmi@unime.it.
² Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, Messina I-98168, Italy. nadiaferlazzo@email.it.
³ Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro I-88100, Italy. gelombardo@unicz.it.
⁴ Department of Biotechnology and Legal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo I-90127, Italy. elvira.ventura@unipa.it.
⁵ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina I-98125, Italy. gangemis@unime.it.
⁶ Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli I-80078, Italy. gangemis@unime.it.
⁷ Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina I-98125, Italy. gcalapai@unime.it.
⁸ Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, Messina I-98168, Italy. mnavarra@unime.it.

PMID: 27706034
PMCID: PMC6274333
DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101312

Review

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Might Citrus Flavonoids Play a Protective Role?

Santa Cirmi et al. Molecules. 2016.

. 2016 Sep 30;21(10):1312.

doi: 10.3390/molecules21101312.

Authors

Santa Cirmi¹, Nadia Ferlazzo², Giovanni E Lombardo³, Elvira Ventura-Spagnolo⁴, Sebastiano Gangemi^{5

6}, Gioacchino Calapai⁷, Michele Navarra⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, Messina I-98168, Italy. scirmi@unime.it.
² Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, Messina I-98168, Italy. nadiaferlazzo@email.it.
³ Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro I-88100, Italy. gelombardo@unicz.it.
⁴ Department of Biotechnology and Legal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo I-90127, Italy. elvira.ventura@unipa.it.
⁵ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina I-98125, Italy. gangemis@unime.it.
⁶ Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli I-80078, Italy. gangemis@unime.it.
⁷ Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina I-98125, Italy. gcalapai@unime.it.
⁸ Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, viale Annunziata, Messina I-98168, Italy. mnavarra@unime.it.

PMID: 27706034
PMCID: PMC6274333
DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101312

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) result from the gradual and progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system or both. They are characterized by deterioration of neurons and/or myelin sheath, disruption of sensory information transmission and loss of movement control. There is no effective treatment for ND, and the drugs currently marketed are symptom-oriented, albeit with several side effects. Within the past decades, several natural remedies have gained attention as potential neuroprotective drugs. Moreover, an increasing number of studies have suggested that dietary intake of vegetables and fruits can prevent or delay the onset of ND. These properties are mainly due to the presence of polyphenols, an important group of phytochemicals that are abundantly present in fruits, vegetables, cereals and beverages. The main class of polyphenols is flavonoids, abundant in Citrus fruits. Our review is an overview on the scientific literature concerning the neuroprotective effects of the Citrus flavonoids in the prevention or treatment of ND. This review may be used as scientific basis for the development of nutraceuticals, food supplements or complementary and alternative drugs to maintain and improve the neurophysiological status.

Keywords: Citrus; flavonoids; neurodegeneration; neurodegenerative disorders; nutraceutical.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Chemical structure of *Citrus* flavonoids subclasses.

**Figure 2**
Molecular structure of *Citrus* flavonoids discussed in this review. Rutinose (Ru), neohesperidose (Nh), methoxy (Me).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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[1] Perez-Hernandez J., Zaldivar-Machorro V.J., Villanueva-Porras D., Vega-Avila E., Chavarria A. A potential alternative against neurodegenerative diseases: Phytodrugs. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016;2016:8378613. doi: 10.1155/2016/8378613. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Perez-Hernandez J., Zaldivar-Machorro V.J., Villanueva-Porras D., Vega-Avila E., Chavarria A. A potential alternative against neurodegenerative diseases: Phytodrugs. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016;2016:8378613. doi: 10.1155/2016/8378613. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Solanki L., Parihar P., Mansuri M.L., Parihar M.S. Flavonoid-based therapies in the early management of neurodegenerative diseases. Adv. Nutr. 2015;6:64–72. doi: 10.3945/an.114.007500. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Solanki L., Parihar P., Mansuri M.L., Parihar M.S. Flavonoid-based therapies in the early management of neurodegenerative diseases. Adv. Nutr. 2015;6:64–72. doi: 10.3945/an.114.007500. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Hwang S.L., Shih P.H., Yen G.C. Neuroprotective effects of Citrus flavonoids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012;60:877–885. doi: 10.1021/jf204452y. - DOI - PubMed

[6] Hwang S.L., Shih P.H., Yen G.C. Neuroprotective effects of Citrus flavonoids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012;60:877–885. doi: 10.1021/jf204452y. - DOI - PubMed

[7] Manach C., Scalbert A., Morand C., Remesy C., Jimenez L. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004;79:727–747. - PubMed

[8] Manach C., Scalbert A., Morand C., Remesy C., Jimenez L. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004;79:727–747. - PubMed

[9] Middleton E., Jr., Kandaswami C., Theoharides T.C. The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacol. Rev. 2000;52:673–751. - PubMed

[10] Middleton E., Jr., Kandaswami C., Theoharides T.C. The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: Implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacol. Rev. 2000;52:673–751. - PubMed

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Neurodegenerative Diseases: Might Citrus Flavonoids Play a Protective Role?

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Neurodegenerative Diseases: Might Citrus Flavonoids Play a Protective Role?

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