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. 2016 Sep;11(9):1650-67.
doi: 10.1038/nprot.2016.095. Epub 2016 Aug 11.

Transcript-level expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with HISAT, StringTie and Ballgown

Mihaela Pertea  1   2 , Daehwan Kim  1 , Geo M Pertea  1 , Jeffrey T Leek  3 , Steven L Salzberg  1   2   3   4
Affiliations

Transcript-level expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with HISAT, StringTie and Ballgown

Mihaela Pertea et al. Nat Protoc. 2016 Sep.

Abstract

High-throughput sequencing of mRNA (RNA-seq) has become the standard method for measuring and comparing the levels of gene expression in a wide variety of species and conditions. RNA-seq experiments generate very large, complex data sets that demand fast, accurate and flexible software to reduce the raw read data to comprehensible results. HISAT (hierarchical indexing for spliced alignment of transcripts), StringTie and Ballgown are free, open-source software tools for comprehensive analysis of RNA-seq experiments. Together, they allow scientists to align reads to a genome, assemble transcripts including novel splice variants, compute the abundance of these transcripts in each sample and compare experiments to identify differentially expressed genes and transcripts. This protocol describes all the steps necessary to process a large set of raw sequencing reads and create lists of gene transcripts, expression levels, and differentially expressed genes and transcripts. The protocol's execution time depends on the computing resources, but it typically takes under 45 min of computer time. HISAT, StringTie and Ballgown are available from http://ccb.jhu.edu/software.shtml.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
An overview of the "new Tuxedo" protocol. In an experiment involving multiple RNA-seq data sets, reads are first mapped to the genome using HISAT (Steps 1–2). Annotation of reference genes and transcripts can be provided as input, but this is optional, as indicated by the dotted line. The alignments are then passed to StringTie (Step 3), which assembles and quantifies the transcripts in each sample. (In the alternative protocol, the alignments from Step 2 are passed directly to Step 6, skipping all assembly steps. Step 6 will then estimate abundance only for known, annotated transcripts.) After initial assembly, the assembled transcripts are merged together (Step 4) by a special StringTie module, which creates a uniform set of transcripts for all samples. StringTie can use annotation in both of these steps, as shown by the dotted lines. The gffcompare program then compares the genes and transcripts to the annotation and reports statistics on this comparison (Step 5). In Step 6, StringTie processes the read alignments and either the merged transcripts or the reference annotation (through the diamond labeled "OR"). Using this input, StringTie re-estimates abundances where necessary and creates new transcript tables for input to Ballgown. Ballgown then compares all transcripts across conditions and produces tables and plots of differentially expressed genes and transcripts (Steps 7–21). Black and curved blue lines in the figure represent input to and output from the programs, respectively. Optional inputs are represented by dotted lines.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Merging transcript assemblies using StringTie’s merge function. In this example, four partial assemblies from four different samples are merged into two transcripts A and B. Samples 1 and 2 are both consistent with the reference annotation, which is used here to merge and extend them to create transcript A. Samples 3 and 4 are consistent with each other but not with the annotation, and these are merged to create transcript B.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Distribution of FPKM values across the 12 samples. Samples from the same sex are shown in the same color: males in blue, and females in orange.
Figure 4
Figure 4
FPKM distributions in males and females for transcript NM_012227 from gene GTPBP6 (GTP Binding Protein 6), a gene that is known to be more highly expressed in males.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Structure and expression levels of five distinct isoforms of the XIST gene in sample ERR188234. Expression levels are shown in varying shades of yellow. The third isoform is expressed at a much higher level than the others, as indicated by the darker color.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Overall distribution of differential expression p-values in females and males. Frequencies of p-values are shown for (a) transcripts and (b) genes.
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