Novel Molecules Regulating Energy Homeostasis: Physiology and Regulation by Macronutrient Intake and Weight Loss

doi:10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.361

Review

. 2016 Sep;31(3):361-372.

doi: 10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.361. Epub 2016 Jul 26.

Novel Molecules Regulating Energy Homeostasis: Physiology and Regulation by Macronutrient Intake and Weight Loss

Anna Gavrieli¹, Christos S Mantzoros²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
² Department of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. cmantzor@bidmc.harvard.edu.

PMID: 27469065
PMCID: PMC5053046
DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.361

Review

Novel Molecules Regulating Energy Homeostasis: Physiology and Regulation by Macronutrient Intake and Weight Loss

Anna Gavrieli et al. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2016 Sep.

. 2016 Sep;31(3):361-372.

doi: 10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.361. Epub 2016 Jul 26.

Authors

Anna Gavrieli¹, Christos S Mantzoros²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
² Department of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. cmantzor@bidmc.harvard.edu.

PMID: 27469065
PMCID: PMC5053046
DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2016.31.3.361

Abstract

Excess energy intake, without a compensatory increase of energy expenditure, leads to obesity. Several molecules are involved in energy homeostasis regulation and new ones are being discovered constantly. Appetite regulating hormones such as ghrelin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine and amylin or incretins such as the gastric inhibitory polypeptide have been studied extensively while other molecules such as fibroblast growth factor 21, chemerin, irisin, secreted frizzle-related protein-4, total bile acids, and heme oxygenase-1 have been linked to energy homeostasis regulation more recently and the specific role of each one of them has not been fully elucidated. This mini review focuses on the above mentioned molecules and discusses them in relation to their regulation by the macronutrient composition of the diet as well as diet-induced weight loss.

Keywords: Chemerin; Fibroblast growth factor 21; Gastric inhibitory polypeptide; Ghrelin; Irisin; Islet amyloid polypeptide; Peptide tyrosine-tyrosine.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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References

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[1] Nishimura T, Nakatake Y, Konishi M, Itoh N. Identification of a novel FGF, FGF-21, preferentially expressed in the liver. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1492:203–206. - PubMed

[2] Nishimura T, Nakatake Y, Konishi M, Itoh N. Identification of a novel FGF, FGF-21, preferentially expressed in the liver. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1492:203–206. - PubMed

[3] Kharitonenkov A, Shiyanova TL, Koester A, Ford AM, Micanovic R, Galbreath EJ, et al. FGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:1627–1635. - PMC - PubMed

[4] Kharitonenkov A, Shiyanova TL, Koester A, Ford AM, Micanovic R, Galbreath EJ, et al. FGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:1627–1635. - PMC - PubMed

[5] Stein S, Stepan H, Kratzsch J, Verlohren M, Verlohren HJ, Drynda K, et al. Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in gestational diabetes mellitus in relation to insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Metabolism. 2010;59:33–37. - PubMed

[6] Stein S, Stepan H, Kratzsch J, Verlohren M, Verlohren HJ, Drynda K, et al. Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in gestational diabetes mellitus in relation to insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Metabolism. 2010;59:33–37. - PubMed

[7] Mai K, Schwarz F, Bobbert T, Andres J, Assmann A, Pfeiffer AF, et al. Relation between fibroblast growth factor-21, adiposity, metabolism, and weight reduction. Metabolism. 2011;60:306–311. - PubMed

[8] Mai K, Schwarz F, Bobbert T, Andres J, Assmann A, Pfeiffer AF, et al. Relation between fibroblast growth factor-21, adiposity, metabolism, and weight reduction. Metabolism. 2011;60:306–311. - PubMed

[9] Liu J, Xu Y, Hu Y, Wang G. The role of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and implications for therapy. Metabolism. 2015;64:380–390. - PubMed

[10] Liu J, Xu Y, Hu Y, Wang G. The role of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and implications for therapy. Metabolism. 2015;64:380–390. - PubMed

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Novel Molecules Regulating Energy Homeostasis: Physiology and Regulation by Macronutrient Intake and Weight Loss

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Novel Molecules Regulating Energy Homeostasis: Physiology and Regulation by Macronutrient Intake and Weight Loss

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