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Review
. 2017 Jul;23(5):576-597.
doi: 10.1111/odi.12544. Epub 2016 Aug 4.

Regulation of inflammation by lipid mediators in oral diseases

S Sommakia  1 , O J Baker  1
Affiliations
Review

Regulation of inflammation by lipid mediators in oral diseases

S Sommakia et al. Oral Dis. 2017 Jul.

Abstract

Lipid mediators (LM) of inflammation are a class of compounds derived from ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids that play a wide role in modulating inflammatory responses. Some LM possess pro-inflammatory properties, while others possess proresolving characteristics, and the class switch from pro-inflammatory to proresolving is crucial for tissue homeostasis. In this article, we review the major classes of LM, focusing on their biosynthesis and signaling pathways, and their role in systemic and, especially, oral health and disease. We discuss the detection of these LM in various body fluids, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic applications. We also present data showing gender-related differences in salivary LM levels in healthy controls, leading to a hypothesis on the etiology of inflammatory diseases, particularly Sjögren's syndrome. We conclude by enumerating open areas of research where further investigation of LM is likely to result in therapeutic and diagnostic advances.

Keywords: lipoxins; oral cancer; periodontal disease; resolvins; salivary gland.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Leukotrienes biosynthetic pathways
This diagram depicts biosynthesis of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid, including intermediate products, as well as various leukotriene receptors, and their role in oral disease.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Prostaglandins biosynthetic pathways
This diagram depicts biosynthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, including intermediate products, as well as various prostaglandin receptors, and their role in oral disease.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Lipoxins biosynthetic pathways
This diagram depicts biosynthesis of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid, including intermediate products, as well as various lipoxin receptors, and their role in oral disease.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Resolvins biosynthetic pathways
This diagram depicts biosynthesis of (a) D-series resolvins from DHA and (b) E-series resolvins from EPA, including intermediate products, as well as various resolvin receptors, and their role in oral disease.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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