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. 2016:11:69-101.
doi: 10.1007/s13752-016-0244-4. Epub 2016 Jun 17.

Epidemiology Without Biology: False Paradigms, Unfounded Assumptions, and Specious Statistics in Radiation Science (with Commentaries by Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake and Christopher Busby and a Reply by the Authors)

Bill Sacks  1 , Gregory Meyerson  2 , Jeffry A Siegel  3
Affiliations

Epidemiology Without Biology: False Paradigms, Unfounded Assumptions, and Specious Statistics in Radiation Science (with Commentaries by Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake and Christopher Busby and a Reply by the Authors)

Bill Sacks et al. Biol Theory. 2016.

Abstract

Radiation science is dominated by a paradigm based on an assumption without empirical foundation. Known as the linear no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis, it holds that all ionizing radiation is harmful no matter how low the dose or dose rate. Epidemiological studies that claim to confirm LNT either neglect experimental and/or observational discoveries at the cellular, tissue, and organismal levels, or mention them only to distort or dismiss them. The appearance of validity in these studies rests on circular reasoning, cherry picking, faulty experimental design, and/or misleading inferences from weak statistical evidence. In contrast, studies based on biological discoveries demonstrate the reality of hormesis: the stimulation of biological responses that defend the organism against damage from environmental agents. Normal metabolic processes are far more damaging than all but the most extreme exposures to radiation. However, evolution has provided all extant plants and animals with defenses that repair such damage or remove the damaged cells, conferring on the organism even greater ability to defend against subsequent damage. Editors of medical journals now admit that perhaps half of the scientific literature may be untrue. Radiation science falls into that category. Belief in LNT informs the practice of radiology, radiation regulatory policies, and popular culture through the media. The result is mass radiophobia and harmful outcomes, including forced relocations of populations near nuclear power plant accidents, reluctance to avail oneself of needed medical imaging studies, and aversion to nuclear energy-all unwarranted and all harmful to millions of people.

Keywords: Adaptive response; Biology; Hormesis; Linear no-threshold; Paradigm; Radiation; Radiophobia.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Graphic representation of Table A2 from Leuraud et al. (2015), showing the baseline point (at near zero dose) to be merely assumed to be the datum with the lowest value on the y-axis (without confidence interval), thereby disallowing the possibility that an actual measurement might result in a higher value than some or all of the other data points
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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