The "Cyclopropyl Fragment" is a Versatile Player that Frequently Appears in Preclinical/Clinical Drug Molecules
- PMID: 27299736
- DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00472
The "Cyclopropyl Fragment" is a Versatile Player that Frequently Appears in Preclinical/Clinical Drug Molecules
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increasing use of the cyclopropyl ring in drug development to transition drug candidates from the preclinical to clinical stage. Important features of the cyclopropane ring are, the (1) coplanarity of the three carbon atoms, (2) relatively shorter (1.51 Å) C-C bonds, (3) enhanced π-character of C-C bonds, and (4) C-H bonds are shorter and stronger than those in alkanes. The present review will focus on the contributions that a cyclopropyl ring makes to the properties of drugs containing it. Consequently, the cyclopropyl ring addresses multiple roadblocks that can occur during drug discovery such as (a) enhancing potency, (b) reducing off-target effects,
(c) increasing metabolic stability, (d) increasing brain permeability, (e) decreasing plasma clearance, (f) contributing to an entropically more favorable binding to the receptor, (g) conformational restriction of peptides/peptidomimetics to prevent proteolytic hydrolysis, and (h) altering drug pK to reduce its P-glycoprotein efflux ratio.
Similar articles
-
Improving drug candidates by design: a focus on physicochemical properties as a means of improving compound disposition and safety.Chem Res Toxicol. 2011 Sep 19;24(9):1420-56. doi: 10.1021/tx200211v. Epub 2011 Jul 26. Chem Res Toxicol. 2011. PMID: 21790149 Review.
-
Strategies at the interface of drug discovery and development: early optimization of the solid state phase and preclinical toxicology formulation for potential drug candidates.J Med Chem. 2010 Aug 26;53(16):5897-905. doi: 10.1021/jm1002638. J Med Chem. 2010. PMID: 20527889 No abstract available.
-
Improving Drug Design: An Update on Recent Applications of Efficiency Metrics, Strategies for Replacing Problematic Elements, and Compounds in Nontraditional Drug Space.Chem Res Toxicol. 2016 Apr 18;29(4):564-616. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00043. Epub 2016 Mar 14. Chem Res Toxicol. 2016. PMID: 26974882 Review.
-
Cyclopropyl Scaffold: A Generalist for Marketed Drugs.Mini Rev Med Chem. 2021;21(2):150-170. doi: 10.2174/1389557520666200729161150. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2021. PMID: 32727325 Review.
-
What happened to the modeling and simulation revolution?Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Oct;96(4):416-7. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2014.123. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014. PMID: 25236664 No abstract available.
Cited by
-
Dirhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Difluoromethylated Cyclopropanes via Enyne Cycloisomerization.Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Feb;11(7):e2306404. doi: 10.1002/advs.202306404. Epub 2023 Dec 13. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024. PMID: 38087930 Free PMC article.
-
Lipophilicity trends upon fluorination of isopropyl, cyclopropyl and 3-oxetanyl groups.Beilstein J Org Chem. 2020 Sep 2;16:2141-2150. doi: 10.3762/bjoc.16.182. eCollection 2020. Beilstein J Org Chem. 2020. PMID: 32952731 Free PMC article.
-
Structural, Biochemical, and Bioinformatic Basis for Identifying Radical SAM Cyclopropyl Synthases.ACS Chem Biol. 2024 Feb 16;19(2):370-379. doi: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00583. Epub 2024 Jan 31. ACS Chem Biol. 2024. PMID: 38295270
-
Protoglobin-Catalyzed Formation of cis-Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Cyclopropanes by Carbene Transfer.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2023 Jan 23;62(4):e202208936. doi: 10.1002/anie.202208936. Epub 2022 Dec 19. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2023. PMID: 36533936 Free PMC article.
-
Stereodivergent Intramolecular Cyclopropanation Enabled by Engineered Carbene Transferases.J Am Chem Soc. 2019 Jun 12;141(23):9145-9150. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b02700. Epub 2019 May 29. J Am Chem Soc. 2019. PMID: 31099569 Free PMC article.
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Chemical Information
Medical
Research Materials
Miscellaneous