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Review
. 2016 Apr 14:4:31.
doi: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00031. eCollection 2016.

p38γ and p38δ Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs), New Stars in the MAPK Galaxy

Alejandra Escós  1 , Ana Risco  1 , Dayanira Alsina-Beauchamp  1 , Ana Cuenda  1
Affiliations
Review

p38γ and p38δ Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs), New Stars in the MAPK Galaxy

Alejandra Escós et al. Front Cell Dev Biol. .

Abstract

The protein kinases p38γ and p38δ belong to the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. p38MAPK signaling controls many cellular processes and is one of the most conserved mechanisms in eukaryotes for the cellular response to environmental stress and inflammation. Although p38γ and p38δ are widely expressed, it is likely that they perform specific functions in different tissues. Their involvement in human pathologies such as inflammation-related diseases or cancer is starting to be uncovered. In this article we give a general overview and highlight recent advances made in defining the functions of p38γ and p38δ, focusing in innate immunity and inflammation. We consider the potential of the pharmacological targeting of MAPK pathways to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and cancer.

Keywords: inflammation; innate response; p38γ; p38δ.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
p38MAPK pathways consist of several MAPK kinase kinases (MAP3K), three MAPK kinase (MAP2K), and four p38MAPK. These pathways can be activated by many stimuli, including growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and a wide range of cellular stresses. The p38MAPKs phosphorylate different substrates, including protein kinases, cytosolic substrates, and transcription factors. ASK1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1), eEF2K (eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase), hDlg (human disc large), MEKK (MAPK/ERK kinase kinases), MK (MAPK-activated protein kinase), MLKs (mixed-lineage kinases), MNK (MAPK-interacting protein kinase), MSK (mitogen and stress-activated kinase), PKD1 (protein kinase D1), PSD95 (post-synapse density 95), PTPH1 (protein tyrosine phosphatase H1), TAK1 (TGF β-activated kinase 1), TAO (thousand-and-one amino acid).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Physiological roles and pathological implications of p38γ and p38δ. p38γ and p38δ are key players in the regulation of many biological functions, which contribute to physiological processes. Deregulation of p38γ and p38δ leads to the development of several pathological conditions.
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