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. 2016 Jan 26;11(1):e0147903.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147903. eCollection 2016.

Expression of the Retrotransposon Helena Reveals a Complex Pattern of TE Deregulation in Drosophila Hybrids

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Expression of the Retrotransposon Helena Reveals a Complex Pattern of TE Deregulation in Drosophila Hybrids

Valèria Romero-Soriano et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Transposable elements (TEs), repeated mobile sequences, are ubiquitous in the eukaryotic kingdom. Their mobilizing capacity confers on them a high mutagenic potential, which must be strongly regulated to guarantee genome stability. In the Drosophila germline, a small RNA-mediated silencing system, the piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) pathway, is the main responsible TE regulating mechanism, but some stressful conditions can destabilize it. For instance, during interspecific hybridization, genomic stress caused by the shock of two different genomes can lead, in both animals and plants, to higher transposition rates. A recent study in D. buzatii-D. koepferae hybrids detected mobilization of 28 TEs, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms explaining this transposition release. We have characterized one of the mobilized TEs, the retrotransposon Helena, and used quantitative expression to assess whether its high transposition rates in hybrids are preceded by increased expression. We have also localized Helena expression in the gonads to see if cellular expression patterns have changed in the hybrids. To give more insight into changes in TE regulation in hybrids, we analysed Helena-specific piRNA populations of hybrids and parental species. Helena expression is not globally altered in somatic tissues, but male and female gonads have different patterns of deregulation. In testes, Helena is repressed in F1, increasing then its expression up to parental values. This is linked with a mislocation of Helena transcripts along with an increase of their specific piRNA levels. Ovaries have additive levels of Helena expression, but the ping-pong cycle efficiency seems to be reduced in F1 hybrids. This could be at the origin of new Helena insertions in hybrids, which would be transmitted to F1 hybrid female progeny.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Crosses diagram.
A first interspecific cross of 10 D. koepferae females with 10 D. buzzatii males was followed by three successive backcrosses of hybrid females with D. buzzatii males. Samples whose piRNA populations have been analysed are marked in green.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Helena in the Drosophila genus, rooted using the midpoint-root option.
Sequences are identified by the host species name. Numbers indicate nodal support, calculated using RAxML with 100 bootstrap replicates.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Helena expression rates relative to rp49 housekeeping gene in parental species (Dko and Dbu) and hybrids.
Boxes are determined by the first and third quartile values, with an intermediate deep line corresponding to the median value. Circles correspond to outliers (above or below 1.5-fold the interquartile range), and triangles represent those outliers whose ERs are extremely outranged and cannot be represented in the same scale. Male samples are represented in blue and female samples are represented in brown: the darker the colour, the higher the D. buzzatii genome fraction. Parental species which are not part of the interspecific crosses (i.e., Dko for male tissues and Dbu for female tissues) are marked in red. A) results of male somatic tissues (outranged values represented by triangles are: ER = 4.5×10−2 for F1, ER = 1.7×10−3 for BC1, ER = 4.3×10−3 for BC2. ER = 2.9×10−3 for Dbu), B) results of female somatic tissues, C) results of testes (Dbu outranged values represented by triangles are: ER = 6.2×10−3 and ER = 3.6×10−3), D) results of ovaries (BC3 outranged value represented by a triangle: ER = 8.5×10−3).
Fig 4
Fig 4. FISH of Helena RNA expression in testes.
Red staining are Helena transcripts, green staining is tissue autofluorescence. Arrows mark the presence of Helena transcripts. A) D. koepferae, B) D. buzzatii, C) F1 hybrid, D) BC1 hybrid, E) BC2 hybrid, F) BC3 hybrid.
Fig 5
Fig 5. FISH of Helena RNA expression in ovaries.
Red staining are Helena transcripts, blue staining is DAPI (cells nuclei). Arrows mark the presence of Helena transcripts. A) D. koepferae, B) D. buzzatii, C) F1 hybrid, D) BC1 hybrid, E) BC2 hybrid, F) BC3 hybrid.
Fig 6
Fig 6. piRNA-mediated regulation of the retrotransposon Helena.
A) Quantification of Helena piRNA populations: normalized read count of Helena-specific piRNAs in all sequenced samples, B) Ping-pong signature of Helena-specific piRNAs samples: probability of finding sense-antisense read pairs aligned to Helena sequences overlapping by 1 to 20 nucleotides; 10 nt overlap corresponds to ping-pong signal.

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Grants and funding

This work was supported by research grant CGL2013-42432-P from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain) and grant 2014 SGR 1346 from Generalitat de Catalunya to the Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GGBE). VRS was supported by a PIF PhD fellowship from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Spain). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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