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. 2016 Aug;35(8):2111-6.
doi: 10.1002/etc.3373. Epub 2016 May 10.

Synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide on acute toxicity of pyrethrins to Hyalella azteca

Jeffrey Giddings  1 , James Gagne  1 , Janice Sharp  2
Affiliations

Synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide on acute toxicity of pyrethrins to Hyalella azteca

Jeffrey Giddings et al. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2016 Aug.

Abstract

A series of acute toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca was performed to quantify the synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on pyrethrin toxicity. Concentrations of PBO <4 µg/L caused no toxicity enhancement, whereas toxicity increased with PBO concentrations between 4 µg/L and 15 µg/L. Additive toxicity calculations showed that true synergism accounted for an increase in pyrethrin toxicity (decrease in median lethal concentration) of 1.4-fold to 1.6-fold and varied only slightly between 4 µg/L and 15 µg/L PBO, whereas direct toxicity of PBO accounted for an additional increase in mixture toxicity (up to 3.2-fold) that was proportional to PBO concentration. The results can be used to assess the risk of measured or predicted co-occurring concentrations of PBO and pyrethrins in surface waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2111-2116. © 2016 SETAC.

Keywords: Hyalella azteca; Piperonyl butoxide (PBO); Pyrethrins; Pyrethroid; Synergism.

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