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Review
. 2016 Jan:207:53-62.
doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.026. Epub 2015 Oct 23.

Bovine noroviruses: A missing component of calf diarrhoea diagnosis

Elisabetta Di Felice  1 , Axel Mauroy  2 , Fabiana Dal Pozzo  3 , Damien Thiry  3 , Chiara Ceci  1 , Barbara Di Martino  1 , Fulvio Marsilio  1 , Etienne Thiry  3
Affiliations
Review

Bovine noroviruses: A missing component of calf diarrhoea diagnosis

Elisabetta Di Felice et al. Vet J. 2016 Jan.

Abstract

Noroviruses are RNA viruses that belong to the Genus Norovirus, Family Caliciviridae, and infect human beings and several animal species, including cattle. Bovine norovirus infections have been detected in cattle of a range of different ages throughout the world. Currently there is no suitable cell culture system for these viruses and information on their pathogenesis is limited. Molecular and serological tests have been developed, but are complicated by the high genetic and antigenic diversity of bovine noroviruses. Bovine noroviruses can be detected frequently in faecal samples of diarrhoeic calves, either alone or in association with other common enteric pathogens, suggesting a role for these viruses in the aetiology of calf enteritis.

Keywords: Bovine noroviruses; Diagnosis; Diarrhoea; Molecular epidemiology.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Phylogenetic relationships between different human and animal, positive sense, single stranded RNA viruses, including bovine noroviruses highlighted in bold face in the tree. The tree was inferred with the maximum likelihood method on complete genomic sequences from representative viruses (see Appendix: Supplementary Table S1 for GenBank accession numbers), with 1000 bootstraps and the General Time Reversible + γ substitution model (Tamura et al., 2013).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Representative genomic organisation of the bovine norovirus genome.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
(A) Multiple alignment between amino acid sequences of the two bovine norovirus reference strains, Jena (genotype 1) and Newbury 2 (genotype 2), and the B309 strain (identified in Belgium in 2003, Mauroy et al., 2012). The different domains of the proteins are identified in different colours in the sequence (yellow, S domain; red, P1 subdomain; blue, P2 subdomain). (B) Ribbon representation and (C, D) three-dimensional modelling of the bovine norovirus B309 amino acid sequence. The three-dimensional modelling was inferred with the Chimera software from the crystal structure of the Norwalk virus capsid protein. (E) Electron micrograph after uranyl acetate staining of B309 virus like particles. Scale bar = 100 nm.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Recombinant bovine noroviruses. (A) Simplot analysis of the two bovine norovirus reference strains (Jena virus and Newbury2 virus for genotypes 1 and 2, respectively) with the two prototype recombinant bovine noroviruses (Thirsk10 for GIII.P1_GIII.2 recombinant sequences and B-1SVD for GIII.P2_GIII.1 recombinant sequences). Percentages of similarity were measured along the partial RNA dependent RNA polymerase coding sequence (open reading frame 1, ORF1), the capsid protein coding sequence (ORF2) and the minor structural protein coding sequence (ORF3). Newbury2 virus was selected as the query sequence. (B) Phylogenetic relationships between bovine norovirus reference viruses and recombinant reference sequences in their polymerase coding region. The tree was inferred with the maximum likelihood method with 1000 bootstraps and the Kimura2 + γ substitution model. (C) Phylogenetic relationships between bovine norovirus reference viruses and recombinant reference sequences in their capsid protein coding region. The tree was inferred with the maximum likelihood method with 1000 bootstraps and the Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano + γ substitution model.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Worldwide distribution based on available data of the bovine norovirus genotypes. The figure was created using the Quantum GIS software (http://qgis.osgeo.org) based on the molecular characterisation of the bovine norovirus isolates performed in the course of different studies. Detailed information around the original data is reported in Table 2.
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