Designing a broad-spectrum integrative approach for cancer prevention and treatment

doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.007

Review

. 2015 Dec;35 Suppl(Suppl):S276-S304.

doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.007.

Designing a broad-spectrum integrative approach for cancer prevention and treatment

Keith I Block¹, Charlotte Gyllenhaal², Leroy Lowe³, Amedeo Amedei⁴, A R M Ruhul Amin⁵, Amr Amin⁶, Katia Aquilano⁷, Jack Arbiser⁸, Alexandra Arreola⁹, Alla Arzumanyan¹⁰, S Salman Ashraf¹¹, Asfar S Azmi¹², Fabian Benencia¹³, Dipita Bhakta¹⁴, Alan Bilsland¹⁵, Anupam Bishayee¹⁶, Stacy W Blain¹⁷, Penny B Block², Chandra S Boosani¹⁸, Thomas E Carey¹⁹, Amancio Carnero²⁰, Marianeve Carotenuto²¹, Stephanie C Casey²², Mrinmay Chakrabarti²³, Rupesh Chaturvedi²⁴, Georgia Zhuo Chen⁵, Helen Chen²⁵, Sophie Chen²⁶, Yi Charlie Chen²⁷, Beom K Choi²⁸, Maria Rosa Ciriolo⁷, Helen M Coley²⁹, Andrew R Collins³⁰, Marisa Connell²⁵, Sarah Crawford³¹, Colleen S Curran³², Charlotta Dabrosin³³, Giovanna Damia³⁴, Santanu Dasgupta³⁵, Ralph J DeBerardinis³⁶, William K Decker³⁷, Punita Dhawan³⁸, Anna Mae E Diehl³⁹, Jin-Tang Dong⁵, Q Ping Dou¹², Janice E Drew⁴⁰, Eyad Elkord⁴¹, Bassel El-Rayes⁴², Mark A Feitelson¹⁰, Dean W Felsher²², Lynnette R Ferguson⁴³, Carmela Fimognari⁴⁴, Gary L Firestone⁴⁵, Christian Frezza⁴⁶, Hiromasa Fujii⁴⁷, Mark M Fuster⁴⁸, Daniele Generali⁴⁹, Alexandros G Georgakilas⁵⁰, Frank Gieseler⁵¹, Michael Gilbertson⁵², Michelle F Green⁵³, Brendan Grue⁵⁴, Gunjan Guha¹⁴, Dorota Halicka⁵⁵, William G Helferich⁵⁶, Petr Heneberg⁵⁷, Patricia Hentosh⁵⁸, Matthew D Hirschey⁵⁹, Lorne J Hofseth⁶⁰, Randall F Holcombe⁶¹, Kanya Honoki⁴⁷, Hsue-Yin Hsu⁶², Gloria S Huang⁶³, Lasse D Jensen⁶⁴, Wen G Jiang⁶⁵, Lee W Jones⁶⁶, Phillip A Karpowicz⁶⁷, W Nicol Keith¹⁵, Sid P Kerkar⁶⁸, Gazala N Khan⁶⁹, Mahin Khatami⁷⁰, Young H Ko⁷¹, Omer Kucuk⁵, Rob J Kulathinal¹⁰, Nagi B Kumar⁷², Byoung S Kwon⁷³, Anne Le⁷⁴, Michael A Lea⁷⁵, Ho-Young Lee⁷⁶, Terry Lichtor⁷⁷, Liang-Tzung Lin⁷⁸, Jason W Locasale⁷⁹, Bal L Lokeshwar⁸⁰, Valter D Longo⁸¹, Costas A Lyssiotis⁸², Karen L MacKenzie⁸³, Meenakshi Malhotra⁸⁴, Maria Marino⁸⁵, Maria L Martinez-Chantar⁸⁶, Ander Matheu⁸⁷, Christopher Maxwell²⁵, Eoin McDonnell⁵³, Alan K Meeker⁸⁸, Mahya Mehrmohamadi⁸⁹, Kapil Mehta⁹⁰, Gregory A Michelotti³⁹, Ramzi M Mohammad¹², Sulma I Mohammed⁹¹, D James Morre⁹², Vinayak Muralidhar⁹³, Irfana Muqbil¹², Michael P Murphy⁹⁴, Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju⁴², Rita Nahta⁵, Elena Niccolai⁹⁵, Somaira Nowsheen⁹⁶, Carolina Panis⁹⁷, Francesco Pantano⁹⁸, Virginia R Parslow⁴³, Graham Pawelec⁹⁹, Peter L Pedersen¹⁰⁰, Brad Poore⁷⁴, Deepak Poudyal⁶⁰, Satya Prakash⁸⁴, Mark Prince¹⁰¹, Lizzia Raffaghello¹⁰², Jeffrey C Rathmell⁵³, W Kimryn Rathmell⁹, Swapan K Ray²³, Jörg Reichrath¹⁰³, Sarallah Rezazadeh¹⁰⁴, Domenico Ribatti¹⁰⁵, Luigi Ricciardiello¹⁰⁶, R Brooks Robey¹⁰⁷, Francis Rodier¹⁰⁸, H P Vasantha Rupasinghe¹⁰⁹, Gian Luigi Russo¹¹⁰, Elizabeth P Ryan¹¹¹, Abbas K Samadi¹¹², Isidro Sanchez-Garcia¹¹³, Andrew J Sanders⁶⁵, Daniele Santini⁹⁸, Malancha Sarkar¹¹⁴, Tetsuro Sasada¹¹⁵, Neeraj K Saxena¹¹⁶, Rodney E Shackelford¹¹⁷, H M C Shantha Kumara¹¹⁸, Dipali Sharma¹¹⁹, Dong M Shin⁵, David Sidransky¹²⁰, Markus David Siegelin¹²¹, Emanuela Signori¹²², Neetu Singh¹²³, Sharanya Sivanand¹²⁴, Daniel Sliva¹²⁵, Carl Smythe¹²⁶, Carmela Spagnuolo¹¹⁰, Diana M Stafforini¹²⁷, John Stagg¹²⁸, Pochi R Subbarayan¹²⁹, Tabetha Sundin¹³⁰, Wamidh H Talib¹³¹, Sarah K Thompson¹³², Phuoc T Tran¹³³, Hendrik Ungefroren⁵¹, Matthew G Vander Heiden¹³⁴, Vasundara Venkateswaran¹³⁵, Dass S Vinay¹³⁶, Panagiotis J Vlachostergios¹³⁷, Zongwei Wang¹³⁸, Kathryn E Wellen¹²⁴, Richard L Whelan¹¹⁸, Eddy S Yang¹³⁹, Huanjie Yang¹⁴⁰, Xujuan Yang⁵⁶, Paul Yaswen¹⁴¹, Clement Yedjou¹⁴², Xin Yin⁴⁸, Jiyue Zhu¹⁴³, Massimo Zollo²¹

Affiliations

¹ Block Center for Integrative Cancer Treatment, Skokie, IL, United States. Electronic address: drblock@blockmedical.com.
² Block Center for Integrative Cancer Treatment, Skokie, IL, United States.
³ Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Leroy.lowe@gettingtoknowcancer.org.
⁴ Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁵ Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
⁶ Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
⁷ Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
⁸ Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
⁹ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
¹⁰ Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
¹¹ Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
¹² Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
¹³ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.
¹⁴ School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
¹⁵ University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
¹⁶ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, Miami, FL, United States.
¹⁷ Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.
¹⁸ Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States.
¹⁹ Head and Neck Cancer Biology Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
²⁰ Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Seville, Spain.
²¹ Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologia Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
²² Stanford University, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA, United States.
²³ Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States.
²⁴ School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
²⁵ Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
²⁶ Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
²⁷ Department of Biology, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, WV, United States.
²⁸ Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
²⁹ Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
³⁰ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
³¹ Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States.
³² School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
³³ Department of Oncology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
³⁴ Department of Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
³⁵ Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States.
³⁶ Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas - Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
³⁷ Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
³⁸ Department of Surgery and Cancer Biology, Division of Surgical Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
³⁹ Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
⁴⁰ Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
⁴¹ College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
⁴² Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
⁴³ Discipline of Nutrition and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁴⁴ Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Rimini, Italy.
⁴⁵ Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
⁴⁶ Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
⁴⁷ Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
⁴⁸ Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
⁴⁹ Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Molecular Therapy and Pharmacogenomics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy.
⁵⁰ Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁵¹ First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
⁵² Getting to Know Cancer, Guelph, Canada.
⁵³ Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
⁵⁴ Departments of Environmental Science, Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
⁵⁵ Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.
⁵⁶ University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.
⁵⁷ Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁵⁸ School of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States.
⁵⁹ Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
⁶⁰ College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
⁶¹ Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
⁶² Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
⁶³ Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.
⁶⁴ Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁶⁵ Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
⁶⁶ Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
⁶⁷ University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
⁶⁸ Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
⁶⁹ Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States.
⁷⁰ Inflammation and Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (Retired), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
⁷¹ University of Maryland BioPark, Innovation Center, KoDiscovery, Baltimore, MD, United States.
⁷² Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States.
⁷³ Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.
⁷⁴ The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
⁷⁵ New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States.
⁷⁶ College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea.
⁷⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.
⁷⁸ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁹ Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
⁸⁰ Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, United States.
⁸¹ Andrus Gerontology Center, Division of Biogerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
⁸² Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
⁸³ Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸⁴ Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
⁸⁵ Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.
⁸⁶ Metabolomic Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain.
⁸⁷ Biodonostia Institute, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
⁸⁸ Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
⁸⁹ Field of Genetics, Genomics, and Development, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
⁹⁰ Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
⁹¹ Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
⁹² Mor-NuCo, Inc, Purdue Research Park, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
⁹³ Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
⁹⁴ MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
⁹⁵ University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁹⁶ Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
⁹⁷ Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, State University of West Paraná, UNIOESTE, Paraná, Brazil.
⁹⁸ Medical Oncology Department, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
⁹⁹ Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
¹⁰⁰ Departments of Biological Chemistry and Oncology, Member at Large, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
¹⁰¹ Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
¹⁰² Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
¹⁰³ Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Clinic for Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy & National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
¹⁰⁷ White River Junction Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, United States; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States.
¹⁰⁸ Centre de Rechercher du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Département de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et Médicine Nucléaire, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
¹¹⁰ Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy.
¹¹¹ Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
¹¹² Sanus Biosciences, San Diego, CA, United States.
¹¹³ Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
¹¹⁴ Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.
¹¹⁵ Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.
¹¹⁶ Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
¹¹⁷ Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University, Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.
¹¹⁸ Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States.
¹¹⁹ Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States.
¹²⁰ Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
¹²¹ Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
¹²² National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Rome, Italy.
¹²³ Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
¹²⁴ Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
¹²⁵ DSTest Laboratories, Purdue Research Park, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
¹²⁶ Department of Biomedical Science, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
¹²⁷ Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
¹²⁸ Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Faculté de Pharmacie et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
¹²⁹ Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.
¹³⁰ Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sentara Healthcare, Norfolk, VA, United States.
¹³¹ Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan.
¹³² Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
¹³³ Departments of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Oncology and Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
¹³⁴ Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
¹³⁵ Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹³⁶ Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.
¹³⁷ Department of Internal Medicine, New York University Lutheran Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, NY, United States.
¹³⁸ Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
¹³⁹ Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States.
¹⁴⁰ The School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
¹⁴¹ Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States.
¹⁴² Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States.
¹⁴³ Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, United States.

PMID: 26590477
PMCID: PMC4819002
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.007

Review

Designing a broad-spectrum integrative approach for cancer prevention and treatment

Keith I Block et al. Semin Cancer Biol. 2015 Dec.

. 2015 Dec;35 Suppl(Suppl):S276-S304.

doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.007.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Block Center for Integrative Cancer Treatment, Skokie, IL, United States. Electronic address: drblock@blockmedical.com.
² Block Center for Integrative Cancer Treatment, Skokie, IL, United States.
³ Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Leroy.lowe@gettingtoknowcancer.org.
⁴ Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁵ Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
⁶ Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
⁷ Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
⁸ Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
⁹ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
¹⁰ Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
¹¹ Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
¹² Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
¹³ Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.
¹⁴ School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
¹⁵ University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
¹⁶ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin Health Sciences Institute, Miami, FL, United States.
¹⁷ Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States.
¹⁸ Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States.
¹⁹ Head and Neck Cancer Biology Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
²⁰ Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Seville, Spain.
²¹ Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologia Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
²² Stanford University, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA, United States.
²³ Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States.
²⁴ School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
²⁵ Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
²⁶ Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
²⁷ Department of Biology, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, WV, United States.
²⁸ Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
²⁹ Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
³⁰ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
³¹ Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States.
³² School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
³³ Department of Oncology and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
³⁴ Department of Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
³⁵ Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States.
³⁶ Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas - Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
³⁷ Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
³⁸ Department of Surgery and Cancer Biology, Division of Surgical Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
³⁹ Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
⁴⁰ Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
⁴¹ College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
⁴² Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
⁴³ Discipline of Nutrition and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁴⁴ Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Rimini, Italy.
⁴⁵ Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
⁴⁶ Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
⁴⁷ Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
⁴⁸ Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, CA, United States.
⁴⁹ Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Molecular Therapy and Pharmacogenomics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy.
⁵⁰ Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁵¹ First Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
⁵² Getting to Know Cancer, Guelph, Canada.
⁵³ Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
⁵⁴ Departments of Environmental Science, Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
⁵⁵ Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.
⁵⁶ University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.
⁵⁷ Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁵⁸ School of Medical Laboratory and Radiation Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States.
⁵⁹ Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
⁶⁰ College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States.
⁶¹ Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
⁶² Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
⁶³ Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.
⁶⁴ Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁶⁵ Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
⁶⁶ Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
⁶⁷ University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
⁶⁸ Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
⁶⁹ Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States.
⁷⁰ Inflammation and Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (Retired), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
⁷¹ University of Maryland BioPark, Innovation Center, KoDiscovery, Baltimore, MD, United States.
⁷² Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States.
⁷³ Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.
⁷⁴ The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
⁷⁵ New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States.
⁷⁶ College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, South Korea.
⁷⁷ Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.
⁷⁸ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁷⁹ Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
⁸⁰ Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, United States.
⁸¹ Andrus Gerontology Center, Division of Biogerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
⁸² Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
⁸³ Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
⁸⁴ Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
⁸⁵ Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.
⁸⁶ Metabolomic Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain.
⁸⁷ Biodonostia Institute, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
⁸⁸ Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
⁸⁹ Field of Genetics, Genomics, and Development, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
⁹⁰ Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
⁹¹ Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
⁹² Mor-NuCo, Inc, Purdue Research Park, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
⁹³ Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
⁹⁴ MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
⁹⁵ University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
⁹⁶ Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
⁹⁷ Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, State University of West Paraná, UNIOESTE, Paraná, Brazil.
⁹⁸ Medical Oncology Department, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
⁹⁹ Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
¹⁰⁰ Departments of Biological Chemistry and Oncology, Member at Large, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
¹⁰¹ Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
¹⁰² Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
¹⁰³ Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Clinic for Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy & National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
¹⁰⁷ White River Junction Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, United States; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States.
¹⁰⁸ Centre de Rechercher du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Université de Montréal, Département de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et Médicine Nucléaire, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
¹¹⁰ Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy.
¹¹¹ Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
¹¹² Sanus Biosciences, San Diego, CA, United States.
¹¹³ Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
¹¹⁴ Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.
¹¹⁵ Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.
¹¹⁶ Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
¹¹⁷ Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University, Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.
¹¹⁸ Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States.
¹¹⁹ Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States.
¹²⁰ Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
¹²¹ Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.
¹²² National Research Council, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Rome, Italy.
¹²³ Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
¹²⁴ Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
¹²⁵ DSTest Laboratories, Purdue Research Park, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
¹²⁶ Department of Biomedical Science, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
¹²⁷ Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
¹²⁸ Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Faculté de Pharmacie et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
¹²⁹ Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.
¹³⁰ Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sentara Healthcare, Norfolk, VA, United States.
¹³¹ Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan.
¹³² Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
¹³³ Departments of Radiation Oncology & Molecular Radiation Sciences, Oncology and Urology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
¹³⁴ Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
¹³⁵ Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
¹³⁶ Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.
¹³⁷ Department of Internal Medicine, New York University Lutheran Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, NY, United States.
¹³⁸ Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
¹³⁹ Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States.
¹⁴⁰ The School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
¹⁴¹ Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States.
¹⁴² Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, United States.
¹⁴³ Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, United States.

PMID: 26590477
PMCID: PMC4819002
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.007

Abstract

Targeted therapies and the consequent adoption of "personalized" oncology have achieved notable successes in some cancers; however, significant problems remain with this approach. Many targeted therapies are highly toxic, costs are extremely high, and most patients experience relapse after a few disease-free months. Relapses arise from genetic heterogeneity in tumors, which harbor therapy-resistant immortalized cells that have adopted alternate and compensatory pathways (i.e., pathways that are not reliant upon the same mechanisms as those which have been targeted). To address these limitations, an international task force of 180 scientists was assembled to explore the concept of a low-toxicity "broad-spectrum" therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms. Using cancer hallmark phenotypes and the tumor microenvironment to account for the various aspects of relevant cancer biology, interdisciplinary teams reviewed each hallmark area and nominated a wide range of high-priority targets (74 in total) that could be modified to improve patient outcomes. For these targets, corresponding low-toxicity therapeutic approaches were then suggested, many of which were phytochemicals. Proposed actions on each target and all of the approaches were further reviewed for known effects on other hallmark areas and the tumor microenvironment. Potential contrary or procarcinogenic effects were found for 3.9% of the relationships between targets and hallmarks, and mixed evidence of complementary and contrary relationships was found for 7.1%. Approximately 67% of the relationships revealed potentially complementary effects, and the remainder had no known relationship. Among the approaches, 1.1% had contrary, 2.8% had mixed and 62.1% had complementary relationships. These results suggest that a broad-spectrum approach should be feasible from a safety standpoint. This novel approach has potential to be relatively inexpensive, it should help us address stages and types of cancer that lack conventional treatment, and it may reduce relapse risks. A proposed agenda for future research is offered.

Keywords: Cancer hallmarks; Integrative medicine; Multi-targeted; Phytochemicals; Targeted therapy.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Statement

Keith Block is an owner of the Block Center for Integrative Cancer Treatment and of North Shore Nutraceuticals; Charlotte Gyllenhaal is an employee of the Block Center for Integrative Cancer Treatment; Jack Arbiser is the inventor of US Patents involving derivatives of honokiol and NADPH oxidase inhibitors. He has also cofounded ABBY Therapeutics for the development of NADPH oxidase inhibitors; Penny Block is the Executive Director of the Block Center for Integrative Cancer Treatment and President of North Shore Nutraceuticals; Ralph J. DeBerardinis is a member of the scientific advisory boards for Peloton Therapeutics and Agios Pharmaceuticals; Anna Mae E. Diehl has grants from Shire-Research, Metabolon, and Gilead. She is also a consultant for Astrazeneca, Genentech, Japan Tobacco, and the NuSI Foundation; Byoung S. Kwon holds patents for methods regarding anti-CD 137 and adaptive CTL therapeutics; Valter D. Longo has an equity interest in L-Nutra, a company that develops medical food; Kapil Mehta is a scientific advisor to Lifecare Innovations, and holds India Patent 8.765.797, TG2 inhibitors and uses thereof; Michael P. Murphy holds intellectual property in mitochondrial therapies and has ownership shares in a company called Antipodean Pharmaceuticals Inc. which is trying to commercialize some of these compounds; Jeffrey C. Rathmell received indirect compensation from Novartis while working on this project; Luigi Ricciardiello received an unrestricted research grant from SLA Pharma AG, Switzerland.; John Stagg has a sponsored research agreement with Medimmune LLC and is on the scientific advisory board of Surface Oncology; Matthew G. Vander Heiden is a consultant, scientific advisory board member, and owns equity in Agios Pharmaceuticals

Figures

**Figure 1**
Diagrammatic representation of removal of susceptible cells by a targeted cancer therapy resulting in disease remission, which leaves genetically heterogeneous resistant cells to proliferate, resulting in relapse.

**Figure 2**
Hallmarks of cancer, sequenced roughly in the order in which these capabilities are acquired by most cancers, as portrayed in the graphical representation of tumor evolution.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Cited by

A systems approach to personalised nutrition: Report on the Keystone Symposium "Human Nutrition, Environment and Health".
Maher M, Pooler AM, Kaput J, Kussmann M. Maher M, et al. Appl Transl Genom. 2016 Aug 4;10:16-8. doi: 10.1016/j.atg.2016.08.001. eCollection 2016 Sep. Appl Transl Genom. 2016. PMID: 27668171 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Novel application of metformin combined with targeted drugs on anticancer treatment.
Deng J, Peng M, Wang Z, Zhou S, Xiao D, Deng J, Yang X, Peng J, Yang X. Deng J, et al. Cancer Sci. 2019 Jan;110(1):23-30. doi: 10.1111/cas.13849. Epub 2018 Nov 28. Cancer Sci. 2019. PMID: 30358009 Free PMC article. Review.
Targeting the Warburg effect for cancer treatment: Ketogenic diets for management of glioma.
Poff A, Koutnik AP, Egan KM, Sahebjam S, D'Agostino D, Kumar NB. Poff A, et al. Semin Cancer Biol. 2019 Jun;56:135-148. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.12.011. Epub 2017 Dec 30. Semin Cancer Biol. 2019. PMID: 29294371 Free PMC article. Review.
Flaxseed Lignans as Important Dietary Polyphenols for Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Targets.
De Silva SF, Alcorn J. De Silva SF, et al. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2019 May 5;12(2):68. doi: 10.3390/ph12020068. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2019. PMID: 31060335 Free PMC article. Review.
Combination of Polymeric Micelle Formulation of TGFβ Receptor Inhibitors and Paclitaxel Produce Consistent Response Across Different Mouse Models of TNBC.
Vinod N, Hwang D, Fussell SC, Owens TC, Tofade OC, Copling S, Ramsey JD, Rädler PD, Atkins HM, Livingston EE, Ezzell JA, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Yuan H, Perou CM, Kabanov AV. Vinod N, et al. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2023 Jun 14:2023.06.14.544381. doi: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544381. bioRxiv. 2023. Update in: Bioeng Transl Med. 2024 Jun 04;9(5):e10681. doi: 10.1002/btm2.10681. PMID: 37398150 Free PMC article. Updated. Preprint.

See all "Cited by" articles

References

1. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et al. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; [cited 17 July 2014]. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet] Available from http://globocan.iarc.fr.
1. Palumbo MO, Kavan P, Miller WH, Jr, Panasci L, Assouline S, Johnson N, et al. Systemic cancer therapy: achievements and challenges that lie ahead. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2013;4:57. - PMC - PubMed
1. Block KI. Life Over Cancer. New York: Bantam; 2009. p. 594. 2009.
1. Kruse V, Rottey S, De Backer O, Van Belle S, Cocquyt V, Denys H. PARP inhibitors in oncology: a new synthetic lethal approach to cancer therapy. Acta Clin Belg. 2011;66(1):2–9. - PubMed
1. Abdel-Hafiz HA, Horwitz KB. Role of epigenetic modifications in luminal breast cancer. Epigenomics. 2015;17:1–16. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Substances

Actions

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
- The Lens - Patent Citations Database
- scite Smart Citations

[1] Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et al. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; [cited 17 July 2014]. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet] Available from http://globocan.iarc.fr.

[2] Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et al. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; [cited 17 July 2014]. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet] Available from http://globocan.iarc.fr.

[3] Palumbo MO, Kavan P, Miller WH, Jr, Panasci L, Assouline S, Johnson N, et al. Systemic cancer therapy: achievements and challenges that lie ahead. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2013;4:57. - PMC - PubMed

[4] Palumbo MO, Kavan P, Miller WH, Jr, Panasci L, Assouline S, Johnson N, et al. Systemic cancer therapy: achievements and challenges that lie ahead. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2013;4:57. - PMC - PubMed

[5] Block KI. Life Over Cancer. New York: Bantam; 2009. p. 594. 2009.

[6] Block KI. Life Over Cancer. New York: Bantam; 2009. p. 594. 2009.

[7] Kruse V, Rottey S, De Backer O, Van Belle S, Cocquyt V, Denys H. PARP inhibitors in oncology: a new synthetic lethal approach to cancer therapy. Acta Clin Belg. 2011;66(1):2–9. - PubMed

[8] Kruse V, Rottey S, De Backer O, Van Belle S, Cocquyt V, Denys H. PARP inhibitors in oncology: a new synthetic lethal approach to cancer therapy. Acta Clin Belg. 2011;66(1):2–9. - PubMed

[9] Abdel-Hafiz HA, Horwitz KB. Role of epigenetic modifications in luminal breast cancer. Epigenomics. 2015;17:1–16. - PMC - PubMed

[10] Abdel-Hafiz HA, Horwitz KB. Role of epigenetic modifications in luminal breast cancer. Epigenomics. 2015;17:1–16. - PMC - PubMed

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Designing a broad-spectrum integrative approach for cancer prevention and treatment

Affiliations

Designing a broad-spectrum integrative approach for cancer prevention and treatment

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Related information

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources