Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2015 Jun;6(3):333.
Epub 2015 Jun 24.

Macrophage Polarization in AIDS: Dynamic Interface between Anti-Viral and Anti-Inflammatory Macrophages during Acute and Chronic Infection

Tricia H Burdo  1 , Joshua Walker  1 , Kenneth C Williams  1
Affiliations

Macrophage Polarization in AIDS: Dynamic Interface between Anti-Viral and Anti-Inflammatory Macrophages during Acute and Chronic Infection

Tricia H Burdo et al. J Clin Cell Immunol. 2015 Jun.

Abstract

Monocyte and macrophage inflammation in parenchymal tissues during acute and chronic HIV and SIV infection plays a role in early anti-viral immune responses and later in restorative responses. Macrophage polarization is observed in such responses in the central nervous system (CNS) and the heart and cardiac vessels that suggest early responses are M1 type antiviral responses, and later responses favor M2 restorative responses. Macrophage polarization is unique to different tissues and is likely dictated as much by the local microenvironment as well as other inflammatory cells involved in the viral responses. Such polarization is found in HIV infected humans, and the SIV infected animal model of AIDS, and occurs even with effective anti-retroviral therapy. Therapies that directly target macrophage polarization in HIV infection have recently been implemented, as have therapies to directly block traffic and accumulation of macrophages in tissues.

Keywords: Central nervous system; Dorsal root ganglia; Macrophage polarization.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
M1 and M2 macrophages in HIV/SIV pathogenesis of brain, dorsal root ganglia, aorta and ventricle tissues. M1 and M2 monocytes are not well defined in blood vessels, but in tissues are defined as inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. In brain, the correlates of neuronal damage include: activated and infected macrophages and parenchymal microglia, M1 (MAC387)/M2 (CD163) ratio, monocyte/macrophage (MΦ) accumulation, and perivascular (PV) cuffs. In DRGs, few M1 monocytes are in uninfected DRGs. M1 macrophages correlate with severe DRG histopathology and loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers. M2 macrophages are elevated in DRGs, but do not correlate with severity of pathology. In heart, there are low to no M1 macrophages in uninfected tissue. The numbers of M1 and M2 macrophages increase with HIV infection and M2 macrophages correlates with cardiac fibrosis. Pathways of cardiac pathogenesis in aorta include the development of M2 foam cells, M1 and M2 macrophage accumulation in the intima, reduced reversed cholesterol transport and thickening of the intima-media. MNGC: Multi-Nucleated Giant Cell.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Mills CD, Kincaid K, Alt JM, Heilman MJ, Hill AM. M-1/M-2 macrophages and the Th1/Th2 paradigm. J Immunol. 2000;164:6166–6173. - PubMed
    1. Martinez FO, Gordon S. The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment. F1000Prime Rep. 2014;6:13. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liddiard K, Taylor PR. Understanding local macrophage phenotypes in disease: shape-shifting macrophages. Nat Med. 2015;21:119–120. - PubMed
    1. Wolfs IM, Donners MM, de Winther MP. Differentiation factors and cytokines in the atherosclerotic plaque micro-environment as a trigger for macrophage polarisation. Thromb Haemost. 2011;106:763–771. - PubMed
    1. Liu YC, Zou XB, Chai YF, Yao YM. Macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases. Int J Biol Sci. 2014;10:520–529. - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources