miR-122 stimulates hepatitis C virus RNA synthesis by altering the balance of viral RNAs engaged in replication versus translation

doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.12.014

. 2015 Feb 11;17(2):217-28.

doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.12.014. Epub 2015 Feb 5.

miR-122 stimulates hepatitis C virus RNA synthesis by altering the balance of viral RNAs engaged in replication versus translation

Takahiro Masaki¹, Kyle C Arend², You Li³, Daisuke Yamane³, David R McGivern⁴, Takanobu Kato⁵, Takaji Wakita⁵, Nathaniel J Moorman⁶, Stanley M Lemon⁷

Affiliations

¹ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA; Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
² Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
³ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
⁴ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
⁵ Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
⁶ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
⁷ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Electronic address: smlemon@med.unc.edu.

PMID: 25662750
PMCID: PMC4326553
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.12.014

miR-122 stimulates hepatitis C virus RNA synthesis by altering the balance of viral RNAs engaged in replication versus translation

Takahiro Masaki et al. Cell Host Microbe. 2015.

. 2015 Feb 11;17(2):217-28.

doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.12.014. Epub 2015 Feb 5.

Authors

Takahiro Masaki¹, Kyle C Arend², You Li³, Daisuke Yamane³, David R McGivern⁴, Takanobu Kato⁵, Takaji Wakita⁵, Nathaniel J Moorman⁶, Stanley M Lemon⁷

Affiliations

¹ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA; Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
² Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
³ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
⁴ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
⁵ Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
⁶ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA.
⁷ Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA. Electronic address: smlemon@med.unc.edu.

PMID: 25662750
PMCID: PMC4326553
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.12.014

Abstract

The liver-specific microRNA, miR-122, stabilizes hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA genomes by recruiting host argonaute 2 (AGO2) to the 5' end and preventing decay mediated by exonuclease Xrn1. However, HCV replication requires miR-122 in Xrn1-depleted cells, indicating additional functions. We show that miR-122 enhances HCV RNA levels by altering the fraction of HCV genomes available for RNA synthesis. Exogenous miR-122 increases viral RNA and protein levels in Xrn1-depleted cells, with enhanced RNA synthesis occurring before heightened protein synthesis. Inhibiting protein translation with puromycin blocks miR-122-mediated increases in RNA synthesis, but independently enhances RNA synthesis by releasing ribosomes from viral genomes. Additionally, miR-122 reduces the fraction of viral genomes engaged in protein translation. Depleting AGO2 or PCBP2, which binds HCV RNA in competition with miR-122 and promotes translation, eliminates miR-122 stimulation of RNA synthesis. Thus, by displacing PCBP2, miR-122 reduces HCV genomes engaged in translation while increasing the fraction available for RNA synthesis.

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Figures

**Figure 1**
Kinetics of miR-122-Mediated Increases in RNA and Protein Abundance (A) Experimental design; HJ3–5 virus-infected cells were transfected with scrambled control (siCtrl) or Xrn1-specific (siXrn1) siRNA and 2 days later re-transfected with duplex miRNAs (0 hr), then harvested at the times indicated for assays of HCV RNA and NS5A protein. (B) Immunoblots of Xrn1, NS5A, and core protein at 0 hr. β-actin was a loading control. (C) HCV RNA abundance in cells transfected with siCtrl or siXrn1 and supplemented with miR-122 or miR-124. RNA was quantified by qRT-PCR relative to β-actin mRNA. (D) Immunoblots of NS5A protein in cells transfected with (top panels) siCtrl or (bottom panels) siXrn1 following miR-124 or miR-122 supplementation. (E) NS5A expression was quantified based on infrared fluorescence intensities in immunoblots shown in (D) relative to β-actin expression. Results shown in (C) and (E) represent mean fold change ± SEM from 0 hr in triplicate cultures and are representative of multiple independent experiments. ^∗p < 0.05 (miR-122 versus miR-124) by two-way ANOVA with correction for multiple comparisons. miR-122-mediated increases in RNA and NS5A protein were greater in siCtrl-transfected cells than Xrn1-transfected cells at 18 and 24 hr (p < 0.05). See also Figure S1.

**Figure 2**
miR-122 Directly Stimulates Nascent HCV RNA Synthesis (A) Experimental design; HJ3–5/NS5A^YFP virus-infected cells were transfected with siRNAs, then 2 days later, re-transfected with duplex miRNAs (0 hr) and immediately fed with media containing 5-EU or [³⁵S]-methionine/cysteine. Cells were harvested at intervals for quantitation of nascent HCV RNA and NS5A-YFP as described in Experimental Procedures. (B) Immunoblot of Xrn1 at the time of miRNA transfection from a representative experiment. β-actin is a loading control. (C) Metabolically labeled [³⁵S]-NS5A-YFP from a representative experiment. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with rabbit anti-GFP antibody (Anti-GFP, lanes 1–10) or with an isotype control (Ig, lanes 11 and 12). Immunoprecipitates were separated by SDS-PAGE, and labeled proteins visualized by phosphorimager analysis. The labeling period (0–1 to 0–9 hr) is indicated near the top. (D) Increases in 5-EU-labeled HCV RNA and [³⁵S]-NS5A-YFP synthesis following miR-122 supplementation. 5-EU-labeled HCV RNA was precipitated and quantified by qRT-PCR. [³⁵S]-NS5A-YFP was quantified by phosphorimager analysis of SDS-PAGE gels. Results for both 5-EU-labeled HCV RNA and [³⁵S]-NS5A-YFP are shown as bars representing the mean fold increase ± SEM in cells supplemented with miR-122 relative to cells supplemented with the control miR-124 for labeling periods ranging from 0–1 to 0–9 hr post-transfection. Individual results from replicate independent experiments are plotted as empty (HCV RNA) or full (NS5A-YFP) symbols. ^∗∗p < 0.01 by two-sided Mann-Whitney test. (E) Immunoblot showing AGO2 abundance in cells transfected 96 and 48 hr previously with siAGO2 or siCtrl. (F) Impact of miR-122 supplementation on nascent HCV RNA in cells depleted of AGO2. The 5-EU labeling period was from 0 to 1 hr following transfection of miR-124 or miR-122. Results shown represent the mean ± SEM from triplicate cultures and are representative of multiple independent experiments. ^∗p < 0.05 by two-sided t test. See also Figure S2.

**Figure 3**
miR-122 Sequestration and Viral RNA Synthesis (A) qRT-PCR quantitation of miR-122 co-immunoprecipitating with AGO2 in cell lysates prepared 1 hr after transfection of miR-122 (supplementation) or miR-124 (control). Shown are the mean ± SEM miR-122 copies per μg total protein (used for immunoprecipitation) precipitated with anti-AGO2 versus an irrelevant immunoglobulin (Ig) from two independent experiments. (B) AGO2-bound miR-122 abundance at various intervals following transfection of the miR-122-specific LNA antagomir (sequestration). Results are shown as the mean ± SEM percent AGO2-bound miRNA in cells transfected with anti-random control. (C) Nascent [³⁵S]-NS5A-YFP recovered from HJ3–5/NS5A^YFP virus-infected cells labeled 0–1, 3–6, or 6–12 hr following transfection of the anti-miR-122 antagomir or anti-random. Xrn1-depleted cells were used in experiments involving labeling periods beyond 1 hr. See legend to Figure 2C for details. (D) Reductions in nascent 5-EU-labeled HCV RNA and [³⁵S]-NS5A-YFP following miR-122 sequestration. Results are shown as the mean percent ± SEM compared with cells transfected with anti-random (n = 3–6). Labeling periods were 0–1, 3–6, and 6–12 hr post-transfection, as in (C). ^∗∗p < 0.01 by two-sided Mann-Whitney test.

**Figure 4**
miR-122 and Viral Translation following Arrest of HCV RNA Synthesis (A) Experimental design; Huh-7 cells that were stably infected with HJ3–5/NS5A^YFP virus (see Experimental Procedures) were transfected with siRNAs and then treated with 50 μM of PSI-6130 or 10 μM of sofosbuvir (SOF) for 14 hr before transfection of duplex miR-124 or miR-122 (0 hr). After miRNA transfection, cells were incubated in fresh culture media containing [³⁵S]-methionine/cysteine or 5-EU plus PSI-6130 or SOF for an additional 12 hr before being harvested for assay of nascent HCV RNA and NS5A-YFP. (B) Immunoblot of Xrn1 60 hr following siRNA transfection. β-actin is a loading control. (C) Left: nascent HCV RNA synthesis in cells transfected with miR-122 or miR-124 following treatment with the NS5B inhibitors. “GND” cells were electroporated with 10 μg of replication-defective HJ3–5 NS5B/GND RNA 7 days prior to the experiment. They contain no replication-competent HCV RNA, and thus allow assessment of background activity in the nascent RNA synthesis assay. Results shown are means ± SEM from triplicate cultures and are representative of multiple independent experiments. Right: total HCV RNA abundance at the end of the 12-hr labeling period. (D) NS5A-YFP synthesis following arrest of viral RNA synthesis. Lysates of cells labeled with [³⁵S]-methionine/cysteine as in (A) were immunoprecipitated with anti-GFP or isotype control (Ig) antibody, and precipitates separated by SDS-PAGE. [³⁵S]-labeled NS5A-YFP was visualized with a phosphorimager. (E) Phosphorimager quantitation of the effect of miR-122 supplementation on labeled NS5A-YFP protein in cells in which HCV RNA synthesis was arrested with NS5B inhibitors. Results are shown as the fold increase in NS5A-YFP synthesis in miR-122-versus miR-124-transfected cells, and are the mean ± SEM from triplicate cultures in a representative experiment. For all panels, ^∗∗p < 0.01 by two-way ANOVA.

**Figure 5**
miR-122 Supplementation and Nascent HCV RNA following Short-Term Shutdown of Cellular Protein Synthesis (A) Experimental design; HJ3–5/NS5A^YFP virus-infected cells were transfected with siRNAs, and then treated 2 days later with 50 μg/ml puromycin or cycloheximide for 2 hr prior to transfection of duplex miR-124 or miR-122 (0 hr). Following transfection of the miRNAs, cells were immediately fed with fresh media containing 5-EU or [³⁵S]-methionine/cysteine plus puromycin or cycloheximde for an additional 1–3 hr, then harvested for analysis of nascent viral RNA and protein. (B) Immunoblot of Xrn1 48 hr after siRNA transfection. β-actin is a loading control. (C) Protein synthesis following treatment with puromycin (PUR) or cycloheximide (CHX). Cell lysates collected after various labeling periods were immunoprecipitated with anti-GFP or isotype control (Ig) antibody, and the precipitates separated by SDS-PAGE. Radiolabeled proteins were visualized with a phosphorimager (top and middle panels). Total protein expression was determined by Sypro Ruby staining (bottom panel). Results shown are representative of multiple experiments. (D) HCV RNA synthesis following shutdown of cellular translation. Total RNA was extracted from cells treated with puromycin at the times indicated, and 5-EU-labeled HCV RNA quantified as described in Experimental Procedures. (E) HCV RNA synthesis 2 hr after shutdown of cellular translation with cycloheximide (CHX). Results shown in (D) and (E) represent the mean quantity of nascent viral RNA/μg total cellular RNA ± SEM in triplicate cultures, and are representative of multiple independent experiments. ^∗p < 0.05 by two-way ANOVA. See also Figures S3 and S4.

**Figure 6**
Polysome Analysis of Lysates from Infected, Xrn1-Depleted Cells Supplemented with miRNAs or Treated with Puromycin (A) HCV-infected cells were harvested for polysome analysis (see Supplemental Experimental Procedures) following depletion of Xrn1 and transfection with miR-122 (red) or miR-124 (black) for 1 or 2 hr as outlined schematically in Figure 2A. Graphs on the left, from top to bottom, represent A₂₅₄ and the distribution of HCV RNA and β-actin mRNA across 16 gradient fractions. RNA results are mean ± SEM percent of the total of that RNA in gradients from two independent experiments where cells were harvested 1 hr after miRNA transfection. On the right is the ratio of the cumulative percent RNA in fractions 7–9 divided by that in fractions 11–13 (polysomes) in gradients of lysates collected 1–2 hr after supplementation with miR-122 or miR-124. Results shown represent the mean ± SEM from three gradients in three independent experiments. (B) Polysome analysis of lysates from cells treated for 3 hr with puromycin (PUR) 50 μg/ml (no miRNA supplementation). Release of RNAs from polysomes is only partial: lysates were not exposed to high-salt conditions prior to centrifugation, as the intent was to reflect conditions in the puromycin-treated cells shown in Figure 5. On the right is shown the ratio of percent HCV RNA and actin mRNA in fractions 7–9, divided by the percent in fractions 11–13 (polysomes) in the gradients shown on the left. (C) Similar polysome analyses of CLIC4 and CAT1 mRNA in lysates collected 1 hr after transfection of miR-122 or miR-124. For all panels ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01 by two-sided paired t test; n.s., not significant. See also Figures S5 and S6.

**Figure 7**
miR-122 Supplementation Does Not Stimulate RNA Synthesis in PCBP2-Depleted Cells (A) Top: biotin-conjugated wild-type (wt) RNA bait representing the 5′ 47 nts of H77 HCV (Li et al., 2014). Two miR-122 molecules (red font) are shown bound to the bait (Jopling et al., 2008, Shimakami et al., 2012b). Seed sequence-binding sites are highlighted. Bottom: immunoblots of AGO2, PCBP2, and hnRNP L co-precipitating with the bait in a pull-down experiment. PCBP2 pull-down is eliminated by pre-annealing the bait with single-stranded miR-122 (but not miR-124). Input, Huh-7 cell lysate. (B) Left: mutant RNA baits. Right: immunoblots of AGO2, PCBP2, and hnRNP L co-precipitating with the indicated bait. (C) Design of experiments to assess impact of PCBP2 depletion on miR-122 stimulation of RNA synthesis. Stably infected cells were transfected twice with PCBP2-specific (siPCBP2) or control siRNA (siCtrl) prior to labeling with 5-EU and [³⁵S] as in Figure 2A. The cells were not depleted of Xrn1. (D) Left: immunoblots of NS5A-YFP and PCBP2 in lysates of cells at time of harvest. β-actin was a loading control. Right: quantitative immunoblot analysis. NS5A-YFP abundance, normalized to β-actin, in siPCBP2-transfected cells was 83% ± 7% that in siCtrl-transfected cells (mean ± SEM, n = 4, p = 0.12 by Mann-Whitney test). (E) HCV RNA abundance in lysates of cells at time of harvest. RNA abundance in siPCPB2-transfected cells was 80% ± 4% of siCtrl-transfected cells in two independent experiments, each involving three technical replicates. ^∗∗p < 0.01 by Mann-Whitney test. (F) NS5A-YFP synthesized following miRNA supplementation of PCBP2-depleted versus control cells. Cell lysates collected after 1- or 2-hr labeling were immunoprecipitated with anti-GFP or isotype control (Ig) antibody, and the precipitates separated by SDS-PAGE. Radiolabeled proteins were visualized with a phosphorimager. (G) Phosphorimager quantitation of [³⁵S]-labeled nascent NS5A-YFP following miR-122 (open bar) or miR-124 (shaded bar) supplementation of PCBP2-depleted versus control cells with a 1- or 2-hr labeling period. NS5A-YFP synthesis was significantly dependent upon PCBP2 depletion, but not miR-122 supplementation (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.84, respectively, by two-way ANOVA). (H) Nascent HCV RNA synthesis under the conditions described in (G). Nascent RNA synthesis was significantly dependent upon both PCBP2 depletion and miR-122 supplementation (p = 0.02 and p < 0.01, respectively, by two-way ANOVA). For both (G) and (H), results have been normalized to miR-124-transfected control (siCtrl-transfected) cells, and represent the mean ± SEM from five to six biological replicates in two independent experiments. ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001 by ANOVA with Fisher’s individual least significant difference test.

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References

1. Barton D.J., Morasco B.J., Flanegan J.B. Translating ribosomes inhibit poliovirus negative-strand RNA synthesis. J. Virol. 1999;73:10104–10112. - PMC - PubMed
1. Chang J., Nicolas E., Marks D., Sander C., Lerro A., Buendia M.A., Xu C., Mason W.S., Moloshok T., Bort R. miR-122, a mammalian liver-specific microRNA, is processed from hcr mRNA and may downregulate the high affinity cationic amino acid transporter CAT-1. RNA Biol. 2004;1:106–113. - PubMed
1. Conrad K.D., Giering F., Erfurth C., Neumann A., Fehr C., Meister G., Niepmann M. MicroRNA-122 dependent binding of Ago2 protein to hepatitis C virus RNA is associated with enhanced RNA stability and translation stimulation. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e56272. - PMC - PubMed
1. Friebe P., Lohmann V., Krieger N., Bartenschlager R. Sequences in the 5′ nontranslated region of hepatitis C virus required for RNA replication. J. Virol. 2001;75:12047–12057. - PMC - PubMed
1. Fukushi S., Okada M., Kageyama T., Hoshino F.B., Nagai K., Katayama K. Interaction of poly(rC)-binding protein 2 with the 5′-terminal stem loop of the hepatitis C-virus genome. Virus Res. 2001;73:67–79. - PubMed

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[1] Barton D.J., Morasco B.J., Flanegan J.B. Translating ribosomes inhibit poliovirus negative-strand RNA synthesis. J. Virol. 1999;73:10104–10112. - PMC - PubMed

[2] Barton D.J., Morasco B.J., Flanegan J.B. Translating ribosomes inhibit poliovirus negative-strand RNA synthesis. J. Virol. 1999;73:10104–10112. - PMC - PubMed

[3] Chang J., Nicolas E., Marks D., Sander C., Lerro A., Buendia M.A., Xu C., Mason W.S., Moloshok T., Bort R. miR-122, a mammalian liver-specific microRNA, is processed from hcr mRNA and may downregulate the high affinity cationic amino acid transporter CAT-1. RNA Biol. 2004;1:106–113. - PubMed

[4] Chang J., Nicolas E., Marks D., Sander C., Lerro A., Buendia M.A., Xu C., Mason W.S., Moloshok T., Bort R. miR-122, a mammalian liver-specific microRNA, is processed from hcr mRNA and may downregulate the high affinity cationic amino acid transporter CAT-1. RNA Biol. 2004;1:106–113. - PubMed

[5] Conrad K.D., Giering F., Erfurth C., Neumann A., Fehr C., Meister G., Niepmann M. MicroRNA-122 dependent binding of Ago2 protein to hepatitis C virus RNA is associated with enhanced RNA stability and translation stimulation. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e56272. - PMC - PubMed

[6] Conrad K.D., Giering F., Erfurth C., Neumann A., Fehr C., Meister G., Niepmann M. MicroRNA-122 dependent binding of Ago2 protein to hepatitis C virus RNA is associated with enhanced RNA stability and translation stimulation. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e56272. - PMC - PubMed

[7] Friebe P., Lohmann V., Krieger N., Bartenschlager R. Sequences in the 5′ nontranslated region of hepatitis C virus required for RNA replication. J. Virol. 2001;75:12047–12057. - PMC - PubMed

[8] Friebe P., Lohmann V., Krieger N., Bartenschlager R. Sequences in the 5′ nontranslated region of hepatitis C virus required for RNA replication. J. Virol. 2001;75:12047–12057. - PMC - PubMed

[9] Fukushi S., Okada M., Kageyama T., Hoshino F.B., Nagai K., Katayama K. Interaction of poly(rC)-binding protein 2 with the 5′-terminal stem loop of the hepatitis C-virus genome. Virus Res. 2001;73:67–79. - PubMed

[10] Fukushi S., Okada M., Kageyama T., Hoshino F.B., Nagai K., Katayama K. Interaction of poly(rC)-binding protein 2 with the 5′-terminal stem loop of the hepatitis C-virus genome. Virus Res. 2001;73:67–79. - PubMed

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miR-122 stimulates hepatitis C virus RNA synthesis by altering the balance of viral RNAs engaged in replication versus translation

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miR-122 stimulates hepatitis C virus RNA synthesis by altering the balance of viral RNAs engaged in replication versus translation

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