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Review
. 2015 Jan 16:13:3.
doi: 10.1186/s12967-014-0349-0.

Overcoming tumor immune evasion with an unique arbovirus

Bruce Lyday  1 , Tony Chen  2 , Santosh Kesari  3   4 , Boris Minev  5   6   7
Affiliations
Review

Overcoming tumor immune evasion with an unique arbovirus

Bruce Lyday et al. J Transl Med. .

Abstract

Combining dendritic cell vaccination with the adjuvant effect of a strain of dengue virus may be a way to overcome known tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Dengue is unique among viruses as primary infections carry lower mortality than the common cold, but secondary infections carry significant risk of hypovolemic shock. While current immuno-therapies rely on a single axis of attack, this approach combines physiological (hyperthermic reduction of tumor perfusion), immunological (activation of effector cells of the adaptive and innate immune system), and apoptosis-inducing pathways (sTRAIL) to destroy tumor cells. The premise of using multiple mechanisms of action in synergy with a decline in the ability of the tumor cells to employ resistance methods suggests the potential of this combination approach in cancer immunotherapy.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sequence of events showing how immune responses to pathogens can impact the immune response to tumor cells.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Dengue fever and mechanisms of the immune response to the virus. NS1: nonstructural protein 1.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Course of Dengue Fever, Markers, Grading, and Symptoms. (A) Laboratory diagnostic options in a patient with suspected dengue infection, (B) Progression from Dengue Fever to Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and (C) Timeline and course of clinical signs and symptoms of Dengue.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mechanisms in protective T H 1 responses and exacerbating T H 2 responses.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Representation of Apo2L/TRAIL apoptotic pathway and its relation to the NF-κβpathway. With permission from Springer Images for non-commercial use [86].
Figure 6
Figure 6
H & E staining for Death Receptors DR4 and DR5, compared to Decoys DcR1 and DcR2. In primary epithelial cells (top row), staining of DR4/5 is greater then DcR1/2. In metastatic lesions, (bottom row), the relative expressions are reversed, conferring resistance to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. With permission from Springer Images for non-commercial use [93].
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