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Review
. 2014 Nov;12(11):765-71.
doi: 10.1038/nrmicro3360. Epub 2014 Oct 8.

Novel vaccine vectors for HIV-1

Dan H Barouch  1 , Louis J Picker  2
Affiliations
Review

Novel vaccine vectors for HIV-1

Dan H Barouch et al. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2014 Nov.

Erratum in

  • Novel vaccine vectors for HIV-1.
    Barouch DH, Picker LJ. Barouch DH, et al. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017 Oct 12;15(11):696. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.134. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017. PMID: 29021601 No abstract available.

Abstract

The ultimate solution to the global HIV-1 epidemic will probably require the development of a safe and effective vaccine. Multiple vaccine platforms have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials, but given the disappointing results of clinical efficacy studies so far, novel vaccine approaches are needed. In this Opinion article, we discuss the scientific basis and clinical potential of novel adenovirus and cytomegalovirus vaccine vectors for HIV-1 as two contrasting but potentially complementary vector approaches. Both of these vector platforms have demonstrated partial protection against stringent simian immunodeficiency virus challenges in rhesus monkeys using different immunological mechanisms.

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Conflict of interest statement

The potential individual and institutional conflicts of interest have been reviewed and managed by OHSU. D.H.B. is a named co-inventor on various vector and antigen patents.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Partial protection against acquisition of SIV infection by Ad26-based vaccines
SIVmac251 and SHIV-SF162P3 infection by adenovirus 26 (Ad26)-based vaccine regimens in rhesus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys were immunized with Ad26–modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) or Ad26– Ad35 vaccine regimens expressing Env–Gag–Pol antigens or with sham control vaccines and challenged repetitively with heterologous intrarectal inoculations with either SIVmac251 (N = 48; left-hand panel) or SHIV–SF162P3 (N = 36; right-hand panel). The number of challenges required to achieve infection is shown. Red lines indicate means. Data from REF. .
Figure 2
Figure 2. Unique efficacy of RhCMV–SIV vector vaccination against rectal mucosal challenge with the highly pathogenic SIVmac239 virus
Plasma viral load profiles of 48 RhCMV–SIV vector-vaccinated rhesus monkeys and 30 unvaccinated rhesus monkeys after infection by repeated, limiting dose, intrarectal SIVmac239 challenge, with the day of infection defined as the challenge before the first above-threshold plasma viral load. The figure shows our composite experience so far with intrarectal SIVmac239 challenge of monkeys that have been vaccinated twice with a strain 68–1 RhCMV–SIV vector set expressing SIVgag, SIVpol, SIVretanef and SIVenv (week 0 and week 14) and challenged at least 1 year following initial vaccination. The 25 initially protected animals (that is, the controllers) had an initial plasma viral blip followed by complete control except for periodic plasma viral blips that waned over time. Of 25 initially protected animals, one relapsed with progressive infection and the remainder showed long-term control and, in many of these monkeys, documented clearance of the SIV infection. Vaccinated non-controllers were indistinguishable from unvaccinated controls and showed plasma viral load profiles that are consistent with typical progressive SIVmac239 infection. Note that one unvaccinated control monkey had an initially occult infection that spontaneously progressed 16 weeks after infection. Data from REFS , .
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